nutrition and feeding: digestive system

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Define ingestion:
the process of taking in food or liquid into the body, through the mouth
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Define Egestion:
The process of eliminating undigested waste as faeces
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What are monogastrics?
The are animals that have a single stomach
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What are ruminants?
They are animals that have stomachs containing multiple compartments
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Outline the digestive tract of a monogastric
1. teeth 2.pharynx 3.oesophagus 4.stomch 5.small intestine (duodenum, Jejunum, ileum) 6. large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum) 7. Anus
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Outline the function of the small intestine:
Duodenum: mixes chyme with digestive enzymes and bile (chemical digestion is most active here)/ Jejunum- continue to mix chyme with digestive enzymes which reduce it for absorption/ ileum: selective absorption of nutrients (carbohydrates, vita b + C)
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Outline the function of the large intestine:
Caecum: blind ended sac, site of fermentation in handgun fermenters. Colon: Ascending, transverse, Descending- remove salt + water. Rectum: store faeces
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What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?
Produces digestive enzymes, secretes these and bile into the small intestine (duodenum) to aid digestion
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What is the function of the liver?
Removes nutrients and toxins from the blood, stores glycogen, produces bile.
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Where is bile produced and where is it stored?
Bile is produced in the liver but is stored in the gallbladder
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What are Caecal hindgut fermenters and give an example of one
Caecal fermenters house micro-bacterial populations in their enlarged caecum which carry out fermentation to digest digestible material (fibre) An example include a rabbit and koala
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What are colonic hindgut fermenters and give an example of one
Colonic fermenters house micro-bacterial populations in their enlarged colon, they carry out fermentation (anaerobic process) an example includes a horse and rhino
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What are foregut fermenters? (non-ruminant and ruminant)
complex stomach houses micro-bacterial populations that carry out fermentation
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How do non-ruminants and ruminants differ?
Ruminants carry out mastication of food twice and regurgitate their food whereas non-ruminants do not
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Give an example of a ruminant and a non-ruminant
ruminant = cow/ non-ruminant= camel
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Define caecotroph:
A caecotroph is a nutritional caecal pellet that is formed by the colon and is made up of digestible fibre, they are consumed directly from the source
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Define Coprophagia
Coprophagia is the ingestion of faeces
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Why might animals carry out coprophagia?
1. to build up bacteria population 2.nutrient absorption
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Give 3 ways the monogastric D/S is specialised:
1. Digestion is rapid and enables the animal to maintain a low body weight to escape predators/ 2. Coprophagia enables more nutrients to be extracted and absorbed/ 3. More capable of digesting roughage
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What are the compartments in a ruminants stomach?
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and Abomasum
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Outline the digestive tract in a ruminant:
1. Food is ingested and chewed, salivary glands produce saliva. 2.Chyme is moved through the pharynx and down the oesophagus/ 3. The chyme enters the rumen, fermentation occurs here/ 4. Chyme moves into the reticulum and balls of cud are formed
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outline the digestive tract in a ruminant continued 5+
6. the balls of cud are regurgitated by anti-peristalsis and mastication occurs/ 7. Cud is then re-ingested and enters the Omasum-water is absorbed/ 8. Cud enters the Abomasum, digestive enzymes and gastric juices are secreted/
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Outline the digestive tract in a ruminant continued 9+
9. Chyme enters the Duodenum, bile is secreted and digestive enzymes/ 10. Chyme enters the Jejunum, nutrient absorption of carbohydrates and protein occur and more mixing of enzymes and juices/ 11. Chyme enters the ileum, absorption of vitamin b+ C
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Outline the digestive tract in a ruminant continued 11+
12. Chyme then enters the caecum (little function ruminants and carnivores)/ 13. Chyme enters the colon, salt and water are removed and indigestible fibre is formed into faeces./ 14. Rectum stores the faeces/ 15. Anus expels faeces
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Give 3 ways the digestive system of ruminants is specialised
Honeycomb surface of the reticulum to form balls of cud; Folds in the stratified squamous epithelium of omasum for greater nutrient absorption; process of eructation to eliminate methane and bloat; saliva contains mucin which is an anti-foaming agent
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What type of feeders are: Degus, Rats,rabbits and guinea-pigs
Degus= herbivore, rat= omnivore, rabbit= herbivore and guinea-pig= herbivore
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What type of feeders area hedgehog and sugar glider?
Hedgehog: omnivore and sugar glider= omnivore and fructivore
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What type of feeders are the above animals?
Degu= forager/ rat= scavenger/ rabbit=grazer/ guinea-pig=grazer/ hedgehog= forager/ sugar glider= forager
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What type of digestive system do the above animals have?
degu= hindgut fermenter (Caecal)/ rat= monogastric/ rabbit= hindgut fermenter (Caecal)/ guinea-pig= hindgut fermenter (caecal)/ hedgehog= monogastric/ sugar glider= monogastric
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What nutrients do the above animals need more or less off?
degu= low carbohydrates (diabetes)/ rat= protein/ rabbit= fibre/ guinea-pig= Vit C and fibre/ hedgehog= protein and lipids/ sugar glider=vitamins and protein
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What are sources of the above foods for the animals?
degu= radish, broccoli/ rat= mealworms/ rabbit= hay, grass/ guinea-pig= orange, broccoli, hay/ hedgehog= mealworms, cat food/ sugar glider= apple, pepper, pinkies/
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Give 5 ways you can achieve cost effective feeding
1. grow the produce your self/ 2. calculate exactly how much each animal requires to prevent waste/ 3.proper storage of feed/ 4.no. of different quotes for buying in bulk/ 5. if breeding arrange a trade, produce for animals
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Egestion:

Back

The process of eliminating undigested waste as faeces

Card 3

Front

What are monogastrics?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are ruminants?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Outline the digestive tract of a monogastric

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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