Nutrition

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  • Created by: Ruhab21
  • Created on: 20-09-20 21:48
State what is Nutrition?
Process by which organisms obtain energy to maintain life functions and matter to create and maintain structure
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State what is Autotrophic Nutrition?
When organisms make their own organic material from inorganic molecules using energy
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Name and define the two types of autotrophic nutrition
1) Photoautotrophic- makes organic molecules from inorganic using light energy 2) Chemoautotrophic - makes organic molecules from inorganic using energy from chemical reactions
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State what is heterotrophic nutrition?
Can't produce their own organic molecules so they consume organic molecules from other organisms and assimilate it
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Define holozoic nutrition
Organisms which have specialised digestive systems in which they eat food, digest and poop out any indigestible remains
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Explain how saprotrophs obtain nutrients.
Extracellular digestion:- they secrete enzymes which digests food outside of their body and then absorb products by digestion and by methods of transport
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Define parastic nutrition?
Organisms that live IN or ON a organism and always cause harm to the host.
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What are the two types of parasitic nutrition?
1) Endoparasite:- feed on host internally 2) Ectoparasite: feed on host externally
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Give two examples of parasites.
Headlice and Tapeworm
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Suggest how do unicellular obtain nutrients and remove waste?
Obtain some nutrients through their membrane by methods of transport. They take in large food molecules by endocytosis which are then hydrolysed, and the remains are egested by exocytosis
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Describe the structure of a hydra
Multicellular organism which is cylindrical and has tentacles at the top.
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Suggest what adaptive feature do Hydras to eat since they are immotile (Can't move)
TENTACLES!!!!
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Suggest why do Hydras have stinging cells in their tentacles
So they can paralyse their prey and DIGEST THEM!!!!!!!!!!!
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Compare Mechanical and Chemical Digestion? (2 marks)
1) Mechanical :- Cutting and crushing of food with teeth to increase the S.A for enzymes to act upon 2) Chemical :- Secretion of Digestive enzymes like stomach acid
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Suggest why does food need to be digested?
1) Food needs to be digested since large food molecules can't cross membranes and are insoluble in bloodstream. 2) Foods are also polymers so need to be broken down into monomers
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Describe Peristalsis?
Mechanism of movement in the oesophagus, although it can be in gut wall too. 2) Continuous segments of longitudinal smooth muscle rhythmically contract and relax to get food across the oesophagus
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Describe the structure of the mammalian gut wall. (Self note place image at answer)
(Going from inner part to outside ) Inner lumen- mucosa - sub mucosa- inner circular muscularis- outer longitudinal muscularis- serosa
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Whats the function and structure of the serosa?
1) Protects gut wall 2) Reduces friction
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Whats the function of the muscularis?
(Learn Definition of Peristalsis)
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Whats the function and structure of the submucosa?
Has connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels to remove the absorbed products of digestion
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Suggest what are the nerves in Submucosa are for?
Peristalsis (Again look at flashcard for that for more info)
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What role does the mucosa play? (2 marks)
1) Secretes mucus to protect and lubricate itself 2) Releases digestive juices and adsorption of food
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Suggest when absorption is only possible by gut epithelial cells?
When Macromolecules (carbs fats and proteins) are hydrolysed
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What breaks down Starch into Maltose and Maltose into Alpha glucose
Amylase and Maltase RESPECTIVELY!!!
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Compare Endopeptidases and Exopeptidases
Endo - Hydrolyse peptide bonds within molecule Exo - Hydrolyse peptide bonds at ends of molecule
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Suggest what does Saliva contain?
HCO3^(-) and CO3^(2-) ions to create optimum pH for amylase
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Explain each of them?
1) Oxyntic provides optimum pH 2) Goblets is lining which protects Stomach from HCl 3) Pepsinogen :- becomes pepsin due to HCl activation
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What fluid is released into the stomach and where does it come from?
Gastric juice and comes from glands in the mucosa called gastric pits
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What does gastric juice contain?
1) HCl from Oxyntic cells 2) Mucus from Goblet cells 3) Pepsinogen from chief cells
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Name the two sphincters of the stomach.
Cardiac and Pyloric
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Sugges what do Pyloric sphincters do?
Regulates flow of partially digested food from stomach to duodenum
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Suggest what do Cardiac Sphincters do?
Regulates flow of partially digested food from oesophagus to stomach
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What does pancreatic juice contain?
Endopeptidases, tryspinogen, enterokinase, amylase, lipase, sodium hydrogen carbonate
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What is the role of the mucus secreted by the duodenum?
Lubrication
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What juices does the duodenum receive and from where?
Bile from the liver Pancreatic juice from islet cells in the pancrea
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Suggest what gland causes the neutralisation of HCl
Brunner's glands
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Explain how bile salts work?
They are hydrophobic and hydrophilic so they emulsify lipids in the food and break them into smaller globules to increases S.A for lipase action
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What are the two roles of the ileum?
1) Absorption of Digested food 2) Chemical digestion of proteins,fats and CARBS
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Suggest in saprotrophic nutrition in fungi, where are the enzymes secreted from?
The fungal hyphae tips
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Suggest what causes bloating?
When bacteria produce unwanted gas during respiration in the small intestine, using non hydrolysed sugars
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What is the function of enterokinase?
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
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What features of the ileum makes it well adapted for absorption?
1) Folded lining to increase S.A 2) Very long 3) Villi on the mucosa surface to increase S.A 4) Epithelial cells on the villi have microvilli
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What type of epithelial cells does the mucosa of the ileum have?
Columnar
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How are the epithelial cells of the mucosa adapted for the ileum's function?
Microvilli Large numbers of mitochondria to produce ATP for active transport
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Describe the structures of a villi in the ileum and their roles.
1)Lined with epithelium thats one cell thick 2)Goblets cells in the epithelium to release mucus 3) Lacteal for absorb dietary fats for the lymphatic system 4) Capillaries takes digested food away 5) Crypt of Lieberkuhn containing Brunner's glands
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From where are the peptidases secreted in the ileum?
Tips of villi
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What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorption of water,mineral ions and vitamins
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Suggest how are mammals adapted for their diet?
They have a palate that separates the nasal cavity from the mouth so food can be chewed whilst they breathe
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What are the 3 teeth types and their functions?
1) Incisors:- biting and cutting food 2) Canines:- tearing and ripping meat 3) Molars and premolars:- grinding and chewing food
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What transport mechanism is used to absorb amino acids and peptides in the ileum?
Actiive Transport and Facilitated Diffusion
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Suggest why are herbivore teeth adapted for grinding?
1) They eat cellulose which is HARD to digest 2) Grinding increases S.A. for cellulase action
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Describe the structural features of a herbivore's dentition and their functions.
1) Canines:- NONE! 2) Molars: Interlocking 3) Open roots:- Teeth continue to grow as grinding wears them down 3) Horizontal jaw movement:- Produces circular grinding motion
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Describe the final part of structural features of a herbivore dentition and their functions
1) Diastema:- Gap between the cheek teeth and front teeth so tongue can move grass to large cheek teeth surfaces 2) Incisors and horny bad: the animal pulls the grass tight across the upper horny pad so the lower incisors can cut it
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Suggest why Canines have no structural feature
Can't tell them apart from INCISORS!!!
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Describe the structural features of a carnivore and their functions
Large curved canines:- seize and hold onto prey 2) Powerful jaw muscles: GRIP prey 3) Molars: CRUSHing food 4) Small sharp incisors:- Grip and Tear flesh from bones 5) Carnassials:- sharp teeth that slide past each other like blades to crush bone
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Suggest what is the dentition of an omnivore like?
Mixture of Herbivores and Carnivores
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What are ruminant animals?
1) Animals which eat Grass but don't have the enzyme cellulase. 2) They have a four part stomach and rely on mutualistic microorganisms which secrete celullase in their gut.
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Explain digestion in a ruminant herbivore (3 marks)
1) Grass chewed and swallowed with saliva 2) Grass passes into the rumen and mixed with bacteria which secret cellulase 3) Fermented grass passes into Reticulum chamber and is formed into cud and Cud is puked for inc SA for cellulase action
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Explain digestion in a ruminant herbivore FINAL PART (3 marks)
4) The cud passes to the Omasum where H20 is absorbed back into the blood 5) The cud goes to Abomasum where bacteria are killed and digested to gain protein 6) Other products go to the small intestine for absorption
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Name the places of digestion the food goes through in ruminant herbivores, in order.
1) Mouth 2) Rumen 3) Reticulum 4) Mouth AGAIN 5) Reticulum AGAIN! 6) Omasum 7) Abomasum 8) Small intestine 9) Large intestine 10) Rectum
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Suggest why are the bacteria kept separate in the rumen?
So they're not in contact with the extreme pH and enzymes in digestive juices
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What happens to the B glucose formed in ruminant herbivores after digestion?
B glucose is fermented under anaerobic conditions = Organic Acids which are absorbed into the blood, providing energy. Methane gas and CO2 are waste products and are released.
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Give an example of a nonruminant herbivore
Rabbit
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Suggest how are nonruminant herbivores adapted for cellulose digestion?
1) Larger small intestines due to a larger caecum
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What happens in non ruminant herbivores instead of regurgitation?`
REFECTION:- Rabbit ingests faecal pellets so material passes through gut twice and increases the efficiency of digestion
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Suggest how does refection result in an in increased efficiency of digestion?
More time spent in cellulose digestion
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Compare the gut of a carnivore to that of a herbivore.
1) Carnivorous gut is relatively short since protein is easily digested compared to cellulos 2) Herbivore large intestine is not straight so can't thefit in large volume of feaces from plants
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How do humans become infected by tapeworms?
1) The larval form is found in pigs. 2) The pig becomes infected when they feed in drainage channels filled with POOP!!! 3)Humans become infected by eating contaminated undercooked pork 4) Pigs are secondary hosts but humans are primary hosts
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Give some features of the pork tapeworm
1) Can be upto 10m long. 2) Body is linear series of sections called proglottids. 3)
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How is the tapeworm adapted to overcome the constant motion of the gut?
Suckers and hooks on their head (or fancy term ya want Scolex) attach to GUT WALL!!!
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How is the tapeworm adapted for the exposure to the extreme pH, digestive enzymes and the immune reponse of the host?
A thick cuticle and the production of the inhibitory substances on its surface (anti enzymes)
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What do lice feed on?
Blood
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Why can lice only survive on their host?
They are mobile only when in host due to terrible legs and can't fly
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How are tapeworms adapted to the lack of unavailability of a mate within their hosts and the difficulty of eggs reaching a new host?
1) They are Hermaphrodites: can self fertilise. 2) Large numbers of eggs with tough shells so they can survive when being eaten
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How does the tapeworm gain nutrients from its host?
1) It has a large S.A to vol ratio since its long thin and flat. 2) Lodges in Small Intestine and digested food is absorbed
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

State what is Autotrophic Nutrition?

Back

When organisms make their own organic material from inorganic molecules using energy

Card 3

Front

Name and define the two types of autotrophic nutrition

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

State what is heterotrophic nutrition?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define holozoic nutrition

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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