Nucleic Acids and DNA Revision.

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  • Created by: ElishaG
  • Created on: 21-02-17 17:16
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid. A polymer of nucleotide molecules that form instructions for the synthesis of proteins.
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What is RNA?
Ribonucleic acid. A single stranded polynucleotide molecule that exists in 3 forms.Each form plays a part in the synthesis of proteins.
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What are the three forms of RNA?
1)mRNA.2)rRNA.3)tRNA.
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Where is mRNA found?
The cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Where is rRNA found?
The ribosomes.
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Where is tRNA found?
The cytoplasm.
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What is a nucleotide?
The monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
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What are the names of the features on a DNA nucleotide?
Phosphate group, Pentose sugar= Deoxyribose. Nitrogenous base=A,T,C,G
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What are the names of the features on an RNA nucelotide?
Phosphate group, Pentose sugar= Ribose. Nitrogenous bases= A,U,C,G.
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Describe the structure of ATP.
1)Phosphorylated nucleotide.2)3 phosphate groups.3)Pentose sugar ribose.4)Nitrogenous base Adenine.
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What is ADP and how is it formed?
1)Adenosine disulfate.2)Created by hydrolysing ATP, one phosphate molecule is removed.
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What is AMP and how is it formed?
1)Adenosine monosulfate.2)Created by hydrolysing ADP so one phosphate molecule is removed.
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What is ATP?
An energy storage molecule. Energy can be stored or released via phosphorylation or hydrolysis reactions.
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Bases can either be one of two things, what are they?
1)Purine.2)Pyrimidine.
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What bases are types of purine?
1)Adenine.2)Guanine.
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What bases are types of pyrimidine?
1)Cytosine.2)Thymine.3)Uracil.
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Which are larger, purines or pyrimidines?
Purines.
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What are polynucleotides?
A chain of repeating monomer units.
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In complementary base pairing, which bases pair up?
1)Adenine and Thymine.2)Cystosine and Guanine.
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What kinds of bond joins complementary bases together?
Hydrogen bonds.
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How many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine and thymine?
2 Hydrogen bonds.
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How many hydrogen bonds are there between cytosine and guanine?
3 hydrogen bonds.
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What are the names of the two DNA strands?
1)Template strand.2)Coding strand
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What kind of bond holds nucleotides together?
Phosphodiester bonds.
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What forms the side of DNA's ladder?
The sugar phosphate backbone.
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What shape is DNA?
Double helix.
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LEARN DIAGRAM FOR DNA MOLECULE.
...
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What is a gene?
A length of DNA that carries the code for the synthesis of one or more specific polypeptides.
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What is triplet code?
The bases are read in threes. Three base codes= 1 amino acid.
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What is universal code?
The genetic code is the same in all living organisms.
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What is degenerate code?
Some amino acids have more than one triplet code that codes for them.
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What is non-overlapping code?
The genetic code is reading the first three bases then the second three bases etc.
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Where does transcription take place in protein synthesis?
1)In the nucleus.
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Where does translation take place in protein synthesis?
The cytoplasm on ribosomes.
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What are the first three stages of protein synthesis?
1)DNA helicase unzips DNA along required gene.2)mRNA join complementary exposed DNA bases on template strand.Catalysed by DNA polymerase.3)mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
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What are stages 4 and 5 of protein synthesis?
4)Ribosome moves along mRNA strand reading code 3 bases at a time. 3 bases = 1 codon.5)tRNA contains anti-codon at one end with an amino acid specific to anti-codon at other end.tRNA codons bind with complementary mRNA codons.
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What is the final stage of protein synthesis?
6)Amino acids brought together in correct order to produce primary structure of protein.Peptide bonds form between amino acids by condensation.tRNA molecules released.
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READ OVER DNA REPLICATION EXPERIMENT.
..
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What is DNA polymerase?
Attaches free nucleotides to exposed bases on each strand.
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What is helicase?
Unzips DNA double helix.
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Describe the first 3 stages of semi-conservative DNA replication.
1)DNA has double helix.2)DNA unwinds, DNA helicase catalyses this.3)Free nucleotides join to both DNA strands according to base pairing.Catalysed by DNA polymerase.
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Describes stages 4 and 5 of semi conservative DNA replication.
4)Condensation occurs to join sugars and phosphate molecules,creating sugar phosphate backbone. Phosphodiester bonds form.5)Two genetically identical molecules of DNA are result, these twist into double helices.
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LOOK AT REPLICATION DIAGRAM.
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Card 2

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What is RNA?

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Ribonucleic acid. A single stranded polynucleotide molecule that exists in 3 forms.Each form plays a part in the synthesis of proteins.

Card 3

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What are the three forms of RNA?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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Where is mRNA found?

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Card 5

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Where is rRNA found?

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