nucleic acids and ATP

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  • Created by: Massu786
  • Created on: 13-11-17 19:41
What is a nucleotide made up of ?
a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
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What is RNA made up of?
ribose, contains bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
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What is DNA made up of?
deoxyribose, the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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What is a polynucelotide and how are they formed?
a polymer of nucleotides, made by condensation reactions between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another. which forms a phospodiester bond
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Describe the structure of DNA
hydrogen bonds between the bases, complimentary base pairing two H bonds between A-T and 3 H bonds between C-G, anti parallel polynucleotide strands form double helix,
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What is the function of DNA?
to pass genetic information from cell to cell, through generations without change
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How is DNA adapted to do this?
stable structure because phosphodiester bond protects bases inside double helix, hydrogen bonds which can separate during DNA replication, large molecule so can carry a lot of info, base pairs inside helix protect the genetic information
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What happens in semi conservative replication?
enzyme DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds linking base pairs, double helix separates into two strands, free nucleotides attach to their complimentary bases, dna polymerase joins the nucleotides and hydrogen bonds form between bases
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Describe the DNA from semi conservative replication
Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand
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Describe the conservative DNA model
The original DNA molecule remains intact and a separate daughter DNA copy is built, one molecule is completely original whilst the other is completely new
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Why can new nucleotides only be added in the 5' to 3' direction?
DNA polymerase is an enzyme which is specific and the shapes of the 3' end and the 5' end are different, the active site of DNA polymerase is only complimentary to the 5' end of the strand
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What is ATP made up from?
adenine, ribose and 3 phosphates
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How is energy stored in ATP?
stored in high energy unstable bonds between the phosphate groups
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How is ATP broken down and synthesised?
broken down using hydrolysis reactions into ADP + Pi with the enzyme ATP hydrolase, synthesised from ADP +Pi by condensation reactions using ATP synthase.
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What properties of ATP make it a good source of energy for biological processes?
Energy releases in small manageable amounts, rapidly reformed from ADP and Pi, soluble, hydrolysis of ATP a single reaction, immediate source of energy
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What processes use ATP?
metabolic processes to build up macromolecules, muscle contraction for movement, active transport to change the shape of carrier proteins, secretion and phosporylation to make compounds more reactive
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What are the properties of water?
its polar, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat capacity, a lot of energy needed to evaporate water, cohesion the molecules stick together, surface tension, transparent so aquatic plants can photosynthesise, not easily compressed so good for support,
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what are ribosomes made up of ?
RNA and proteins
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What is the function of RNA?
to transfer genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes
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Where are inorganic ions found?
in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms
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give examples of inorganic ions and they're uses
Iron ions in haemoglobin, sodium ions in co transport of glucose and amino acids, phosphate ions as components in DNA and RNA
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is RNA made up of?

Back

ribose, contains bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

Card 3

Front

What is DNA made up of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a polynucelotide and how are they formed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe the structure of DNA

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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