Normal and Abnormal Excretions

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What is the normal urine output for dogs and cats?
1-2ml/kg/hour
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Parameter: colour (urine) what are the normal observations?
Dogs and cats: pale yellow Horse: yellow light - dark Exotics: yellow
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Appearance (urine): what are the normal observations?
Dogs and cats: transparent Horse: cloudy (calcium carbonate) Exotics: cloudy (calcium carbonate)
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Sediment (urine): what are the normal observations?
Dogs and cats: little or none Horse: calcium carbonate crytals Exotics: calcium carbonate crystals
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Why do birds and reptiles produce uric acid and urate salts?
A way of removing nitrogen-containing waste products from the body
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Do birds produce urine?
No - their blood uric acid passes out of their kidneys to form thick, chalky white urate crystals in the stools
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Define dysuria
Difficulty passing urine
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Define polyuria
Increase urine production
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Define anuria
No urine production
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Define haematuria
Presence of blood in urine
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Define oliguria
Reduced urine production
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In rodents how is stools produced?
Firm sausage shaped pellets
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In cats how is stools produced?
Firm brown faeces
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In horses how is stools produced?
Firm balls that break on hitting ground
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In dogs how is stools produced?
Firm brown faeces
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In birds how is stools produced?
Mixed with urine
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In rabbits how is stools produced?
Firm round pellets
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In snakes how is stools produced?
Mixed with urine
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What are the contents of normal faeces?
Dead+living bacteria, water+ fibre, mucus, sterecobilin, undigested food, sloughed intestinal cells, secretion from anal sacs
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When examining faeces what observations need to be made?
Colour, smell, parasites, frequency, amount and other material
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Define impaction
The failure to evacuate faeces which may cause straining
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Define tenemus
Ineffectual straining
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What could cause constipation?
Diet - low in fibre, stress, age, ileus, dehydration, tumours, neurological, drug treatment and pelvic/surgical procedures
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Define diarrhoea
The frequent evacuation of watery faeces from the bowel
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What could cause diarrhoea?
Sudden change in diet, parasites, neoplasia, malasorption and endoparasites
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Define vomiting
The forceful evacuation of the stomach contents through the mouth
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Define regurgitation
The passive movement of food/fluid in the mouth
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What are the clinical signs of vomiting?
Occurs sometime after eating, abdominal contractions, occurs shortly after eating and may exhibit salivation, distress and lip smacking
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What are the clinical signs of regurgitation?
Occurs suddenly without any signs, contents from the oesophagus/stomach, requires no effort and contents from stomach and or intestine
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What is reflux?
Similar to vomiting except it mainly contains gastric/intestinal fluid
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Do small mammals/birds and reptiles vomit?
No - they do not have a diaphragm
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Define spontaneous gastric reflux
Equines are unable to vomit - some conditions may lead to the passage of stomach contents out of the stomach via exit via the nose
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What should be monitored in vomit?
Blood, mucus or evidence of FB/poisons
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Define projectile vomit?
Forceful ejection of stomach contents
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Define haematemesis vomit?
Vomit containing faeces
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Define stercoraceous vomit?
Vomit containing faeces
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Define cyclic vomit?
Repeated acts of vomiting
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Define retching?
Failure in attempts to vomit
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Causes of projectile vomit?
Gastritis, FB and ingestion of poisons
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Causes of haematemesis vomit?
Gastric ulcer
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Causes of stercoraceous vomit?
Severe constipation and coprohphagia
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Causes of cyclic vomiting?
Inflammatory intestinal disease
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Causes of retching?
Gastric dilation, volvulus (GDV), fur balls, nasal- pharyngeal foreign body
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What are the 3 stages of vomiting?
1. Nausea 2. retching 3. vomiting (emesis)
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How is nausea identified in dogs and cats?
Lip smacking, excessive salivation, repeated swallowing and retching/restlessness
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Causes of dehydration
Decreased water intake and increased water loss
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Why does the animal become dehydrated?
Due to persistent vomiting leads to excess loss of water and electrolytes - therefore the animal cannot drink to replace this loss
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The degree can be dehydration can be determined by measuring the
37-55 - total plasma and protein levels
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At 5% dehydration what are the clinical signs?
No detectable clinical signs and increasing urine concentration
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At 5-6% mild dehydration what are the clinical signs?
Subtle loss of skin elasticity
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At 6-10% moderate dehydration what are the clinical signs?
Marked loss of skin elasticity, slightly prolonged CPR, slightly sunken eyes and dry mucous membranes
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At 10_15% severe dehydration what are the clinical signs?
Tented skin stands in place, prolonged CPR, sunken eyes/protrusion of 3rd eyelid, dry mucous membranes, signs of hypovolaemic shock and moribund (lifeless)
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What are the causes of nasal discharge (often accompanied by sneezing)
FB, viruses, infection, allergies and neoplasia
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What are the causes of coughing (type, dry hacking cough or one that is fluid and productive)
KC, FB, infection, respiratory tract infection
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What are the causes of aural discharge?
FB, infection, parasites and ear mites
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What are the causes of ocular discharge?
Infection, viral bacteria, ulcers and FB
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What are the causes of vaginal discharge?
Normal - pro - estrus - blood, oestrus - straw coloured post - parturition - green/black/brown
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What are the causes of vaginal discharge?
Abnormal - pyometra purvelent - after green/black/brown abortion - black foul smell metritis - brown/black
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What does reduced urine production and increase in concentration show?
The body is trying to preserve body water
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Parameter: colour (urine) what are the normal observations?

Back

Dogs and cats: pale yellow Horse: yellow light - dark Exotics: yellow

Card 3

Front

Appearance (urine): what are the normal observations?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Sediment (urine): what are the normal observations?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why do birds and reptiles produce uric acid and urate salts?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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