Communicating to others what you are thinking, feeling or planning by body movement; consciously or unconsciously.
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What does body language mean?
Communicating something through: movement, gesture or touching.
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What are technical gestures?
Police signs by arm movement, normally to stop traffic - motorists recognise it.
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What are coded gestures?
This is sign language.
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What is posture?
Communicating our feelings and thoughts by how we stand.
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What is closed posture?
Your body is hunched over like a trunk and arms and legs are crossed. This is normally when people are anxious
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What is open posture?
When the body is open where the person has a straight back. This will suggest that confidence and friendliness.
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What does facial expressions mean?
Communicating something through the muscles in the face, e.g. raising eyebrows.
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What are universal emotions?
Everyone in the world in every culture know: smiling is happy.
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What is the core theory?
Social learning theory (SLT)
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Is it arguing nature or nurture?
Nurture.
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We observe...
our role models (parents, friends, celebrities) which we then imitate. This is vicarious reinforcement. If we do communicate rude gesture you get a frown back which shows negative reinforcement and vise versa.
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Give two different types of communications in different cultures.
Suadi Arabia females make no contact when meeting others. In France, people kiss 3 times on the check when saying hello and goodbye.
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Give a criticism.
punishment doesn't stop behaviour - reductionist
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Give another criticism.
Learning problems - not generlisable
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Give a final criticism.
It ignores nature - reductionist.
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What is the alternative theory called?
The Evolutionary Theory
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It is arguing nature or nurture?
Nature.
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What does the theory suggest?
It is instinctive to pass our genes and to reproduce.
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Why might we bare our teeth?
to ward off enemies
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Why might we avoid eye contact?
To reduce conflict
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Why might we smile?
To help co-operate.
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Why might we have wide eyes?
To flirt - reproduce
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How would a man show they are attracted to a woman?
Puff our chest.
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How might someone communicate in a relationship?
Using open posture
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Who did the core study? When?
Yuki et al. 2007
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What was the aim?
To investigate whether different cultures pay attention to different social ques.
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What was the hypothesis?
Different cultures will look at different facial features. USA look at mouth and Japan will look at eyes.
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Who where the participants?
118 voluntary American students, Ohio and 95 voluntary Japanese students - uni
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What were the methods?
Questionnaire and Cross cultural research.
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What was the procedure?
Asked to complete the questionnaire with an inert scale from 1-9 on emoticons. They where debriefed at the end.
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What were the results?
Japanese gave the emoticons with happy faces that have happy eyes the highest. Americans gave the happy faces with happy mouths the highest.
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Conclusion?
Confirms hypothesis that different cultures looked at different facial ques to find the emotion.
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Give a criticism.
Not ethnocentric - used eastern and weastern cultures - generlisable
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Give another criticism.
Age bias, all students - Not generlisable
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Give a final criticism.
Ignores role of nature - says learnt by culture - reductionist
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What is the applications?
Social skills training.
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Describe rehabilitation.
Probation officers work with offenders to teach them how to use positive non-verbal communication, 1. modeling, 2. practice, 3. feedback, 4. homework
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Give two other ways on social skills training.
Managing conflict and customer servicde
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What does body language mean?
Back
Communicating something through: movement, gesture or touching.
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