Non-verbal communication

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what are the functions of non-verbal communication?
express feelings, regulate interactions, express intimacy, dominance, achieve a goal
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gender differences in reading n-v?
women better at decoding n-v signals
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what are Ekemons 6 universal emotions?
surprise, anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust
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cultural differences in emotions?
emotions are recognised across cultures (happiness), but we recognise emotions from our own culture better - suggesting some cultural variation in emotions
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facial expression study?
3 groups - western, non-western, isolated/illiterate - all 3 groups recognise happiness, but there was a cultural/literacy effect on sadness - happiness is culturally universal and evolutionary - non-literate may not have been exposed to neg emotions
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who are more likely to display emotions?
women more likely to express facial expressions - western women smile more than Asian (more acceptable) - Japan thought to hide neg emotions
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what is the difference between gaze and eye contact?
gaze = looking at someones eyes, one on one - and eye contact = (mutual gaze) when they look back - we gaze 60% of the time for about 3 seconds (depending on whether speaking or listening) - we eye contact 30% of the time for 1 second
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what did Kleinke (1986) say about gaze/eye contact?
eye contact rich source of info and most important of the n-v communication channels - say so much with eyes
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what can gaze/eye contact be used for?
signal turn taking in convo, assert dominance, persuade, convey intimacy
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how much do we gaze when we are listening and speaking?
listening = 75%, speaking = 41% - used to signal intention to begin/cease speaking in convo
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what did Kenson (1967) find?
filmed 2 person interactions between strangers lasting 30 mins - when want other person to start speaking they long steady gaze at speaker - to signal attention to begin speaking listener mutual gazes and looks away briefly before speaking
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problem with eye contact in autism?
cant concentrate when looking at eyes so have to look away but seems rude or appearing to not listen - know should be looking at eyes but cant
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dominance in gaze/eye contact?
we gaze more when want to persuade or use a stern stare to convey disapproval or dominance
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what did Dovido et al (1988) find in dominance study?
paired men&women, talked about 3 topics, measured gaze when speaking & listening - if expert on topic, spent more time gazing when speaking, if not expert gazed when listen - neither expert, male dominates and spends equal time gazing listen/speak
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how is persuasive communication used?
element of hostility/threat it wont be persuasive - eye contact needs to be associated with social approach behaviour/bonding - element of competition in most persuasion attempts - speakers who direct gaze towards listeners more persuasive
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what did Chen et al (2013)'s study 1 show?
showed pps videos of various opinions and measured opinions before/after and fixation time (%) - found relationship between gaze and attitude change - more time spent looking at speakers eyes reduced persuasiveness (opposite to what expect)
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what did Chen et al (2013)'s study 2 show?
listeners asked to look at eyes or mouth - more persuaded when looked at the mouth - suggesting eye contact isnt persuasive
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what did Kellerman et al (1989) find on intimacy?
strangers of opposite sex looked into eyes/look at hand/count blinks for 2 mins - found greater feelings of affection in the mutual gaze condition
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what did Van Straaten et al (2010) find on intimacy of gender and gaze?
male/female sat with attractive/un experimenter - male gazed more at attractive female (very overt) - females didnt gaze more even though they rated them attractive (looked covertly - side glances) -
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what is the right amount of eye contact?
more than 10 secs, eye contact can affect STM and make it harder to get info - less likely to have eye contact because we check our phones more
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how do we use gestures to convey info?
support verbal - can be obvius (wave) or subtle (using hands) - developed spoken lang because gestures are limited and frees up hands for other things - gestures are emblems (gesture says it for us but these vary in cultures)
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what are Jones & Yarborough's 5 categories of interpersonal touch?
1. pos affect (communicate affection etc), 2. playful, 3. control, 4. ritualistic (e.g. greetings), 5. task-related (accomplish tasks - e.g. doctor taking pulse)
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what are the factors affecting use and perception of touch?
culture (italians greet with kiss, japanese bow), gender, setting (touch in sports), part of the body (face sensitive), who is touching (stranger or friend)
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what are the gender differences in touch?
women find brief professional touches more positive than men - women more comfortable with touch - men touch women more often than they touch men (status - higher = touch more) - men read sexual connotations into touch
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what did Hertenstein et al (2006) find about touch and emotion?
pps divided into encoders and decoders - encoder convey 1/12 emotions by touching decoders forearm - 6 emotions could be reliably signalled and decoded
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what 6 emotions could be reliably signalled/decoded (Hertenstein et al 2006)?
anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude, empathy (e.g. disgust signalled by pushing arm away)
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touch in romantic relationships?
tactile physical affection highly correlated with relationship satisfaction - pos physical touch lowers blood pressure during stressful situations and releases oxytocin in females
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what did Gueguen (2010) find about touch and attraction?
female confed asks single men for help and touched/didnt when said thanks - those touched more likely to engage in convo and quicker- signal of attraction
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what are the zones of personal space (Hall, 1966)?
intimate = 0-0.5m, personal = 0.5-1.25m, social = 1.25-4m, public = 4-8m
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who enters what zone?
romantic partners and family and close friends into intimate - social invite casual acquaintances, and public for formal situations
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what happens when personal space is invaded?
reduction of other non-verbal cues - e.g. no eye contact
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what cultural differences are then in personal space?
latin american, med, arab countries touch more and stand closer
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what did the urinal study show? (middlemist et al 1976)
closer man stood to other man at urinal, longer they took to begin and quicker they were to finish urinating
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affect of age and gender on interpersonal space? (Iachini 2016)
male/female in virtual reality/real world - women happy to let small children into personal space - men other women than other men to them (VR and RW) - women want women in VR, in RW want men/women at equal distance
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what factors influence personal space?
self protective, affiliate (women care for children) and attraction factors
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why do we use non-verbal communication in attraction?
subtle and indirect - assess potential partner before commitment - sexual interest - paces the courtship
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what stages did scheflen (1965) separate n-v cues into?
readiness cues (**** stomach in), preening behaviours (adjust clothing, stroke hair), positional cues (orient body), and invitation actions (eye contact, smiling)
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what did cary (1976) show about n-v cues and attraction?
womens behaviour is important for initiating convo between strangers - she controls sitchu - to be successful men need to be aware of these cues
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what did Morris (1971) find?
said there is 12 stages that heterosexual couples in Western culture go through - from initial contact through to intimacy - cant skip any steps and women regulate the movement as men move too quickly
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what are Morris's 12 steps?
1. eye-body, 2. eye-eye, 3. voice-voice, 4. hand-hand, 5. arm-shoulder, 6. arm-waist, 7. mouth-mouth, 8. hand-head, 9. hand-body, 10. mouth-breast, 11. hand-genitals, 12. genitals-genitals or mouth-genitals
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what were Perper's (1985) 4 phases of early courtship?
(viewing people in club) 1. approach stranger, 2. head-shoulders &torso-whole body turns, 3. touch withdrawn then lingering longer & frequency, 4. steady development of body synchronisation
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what did Ostler (2003) say about decoding n-v signals of attraction?
men and women interpret female behaviours differently - men more likely to view flirting as reflective of sexual consent
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Card 2

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gender differences in reading n-v?

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women better at decoding n-v signals

Card 3

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what are Ekemons 6 universal emotions?

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Card 4

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cultural differences in emotions?

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Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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facial expression study?

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