Neurotransmitter synthesis and function

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How is acetylcholine synthesised?
by combining choline and acetyl coenzyme A via cholinetranserase
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ACh rate limiting step in synthesis of ACh
amount of choline available; thus any attempt to increase ACh neurotransmission is limited by amount of choline available
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Breakdown of ACh
via second enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
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cholinergic pathways and functions
basal forebrain (learning), hippocampus (memory) and pons (dream/sleep)
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Ach also critical in PNS
somatic; main NT at synapse between motor neuron and muscle & ANS; key NT in sympathetic/parasympathetic NS
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ACh and health
involved in autoimmune condition Myasthenia Travis, AD and smoking (nicotine binds to cholinergic nicotinic receptors
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ACh cn bind to what types of receptors?
iontropic receptor-nicotinic receptor & metabotropic receptor-muscarinic receptor
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Glutamate
most important excitatory NT in brain
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Rate limiting step in synthesis of Glutamate
supply of amino acids
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types of glutamate receptors
ionotropic types (NMDA, AMPA, Kainate) or metabotropic (mGluR)
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GABA
most important inhibitory NT in brain
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Synthesis of GABA
1) Glutaminase-2) glutamate-3)GABA
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Rate limiting step in synthesis of GABA
initial supply of amino acids glutamate is made from
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GABA receptors categorised as...
A type (iontropic) and B type (metabotropic)
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GABA and health
GABAergic drugs used to treat epilepsy/anxiety, anaesthetics e.g. propofol increase GABA action, lithium (mood stabilising drug) increases GABA, mediate effect of alcohol
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glutamate and health
drugs like ketamine block glutamate transmission, lithium reduces glutamate, mediate effects of alcohol, links to suicide
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Dopamine
frist catecholamine; producing excitatory and inhibitory effects
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synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine
tyrosine-l-Dopa-dopamine-norepinephrine
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how is dopamine produced?
amino acid tyrosine. tyrosine converted into l-dopa via enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. l-dopa converted into dopamine by enzyme dopa-decarboxylase
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rate listing step in synthesis of dopamine...
enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
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dopamine receptors
D1 and D2 receptors (metabotropic
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dopamine (and NA) broken down by
enzymes: monoamine oxidase and COMT/reuptake
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dopaminergic pathway 1
nigrostratial pathway; from substantia nigra pars compacta to stratium.
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dopaminergic pathways 2
extend from VTA and project forwards in brain to cortex and nucleus accumbens
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dopaminergic pathways 1
nigrostratial system: cell bodies found in substantia nigra, terminal buttons located in neostratium (caudate nucleus &putamen), control of movement
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dopaminergic pathways 2
mesolimbic system; cell bodies found in VTA, terminal buttons found in nucleus accumbens and amygdala; reinforcement, effects of addictive drugs
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dopaminergic pathways 3
mesocortical system; cell bodies found in VTA, terminal buttons found in PFC, affects STM, planning, strategies for problem solving
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dopaminergic cell bodies largely found in...
midbrain- in substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral segmental area (VTA)
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cortex and nucleus accumbens critical areas for
reward processing and learning
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dopamines functions
voluntary motor action (NP), motivation/goal-directed behaviour (mesolimbic/mesocortical pathways), working memory/attention (PFC)
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Dopamine and health
PD, ADHD and schizophrenia,
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VTA pathway implicated in
addiction
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norepinephrine
one of the catecholamines; found in sympathetic division of ANS
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norepinephrine produced from
dopamine by an enzyme called dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
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rate limiting step is...
action of tyrosine hydroxylase
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types of norepinephrine receptors
receptors A and B- both metabotropic
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all of the cell bodies of norepinephrine are found in
locus coeruleus
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functions of norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system, descending pain control, sleep and attention.
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NA and health
PD, depression and ADHD
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Serotonin
indolamine responsible for making us feel happy
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synthesis of serotonin
made from tryptophan
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steps of serotonin synthesis
tryptophan-(via tryptophan hydroxylase)-5-HTP- (via aromatic amino acid decarboxylase)-5-HT/serotonin
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rate limiting step of 5HT
action of tryptophan hydroxylase
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types of 5HT receptors
many types/subtypes; all metabotropic
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source of serotonin is in
the brainstem, a structure called the raphe nucleus but it sends signals and hence releases serotonin throughout the brain.
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5HTs functions
sleep-wake cycle, risk taking, aggression (or reducing it) and pain contr
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5HT and health
psychoactive drugs, OCD and depression
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5HT removed by
MAO and COMT
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

ACh rate limiting step in synthesis of ACh

Back

amount of choline available; thus any attempt to increase ACh neurotransmission is limited by amount of choline available

Card 3

Front

Breakdown of ACh

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

cholinergic pathways and functions

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ach also critical in PNS

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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