Neuroscience

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What are the characteristics of graded potentials?
Can depolarise and hyperpolarise, no threshold, amount of depolarisation/hyperpolarisation depends of intensity of stimulus, no refractory period
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Where in the brain does higher function happen?
Frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
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Where does imput into association cortices come from?
Other cortical areas, primary/motor sensory areas and subcortical inputs
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Where are memories formed?
Hippocampus, mammilary body, dorsal thalamus and rhinal cortex
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Where are memories stored?
Neocortex, frontal corticals
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what is non associative learning?
A relatively permanent change to the strength of response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure of that stimulus
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What are the 2 types of non associative learning?
Habituation and sensitisation
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What is associative learning?
Where a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus
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What are the 2 types of associative learning?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
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What is classical conditioning?
Change in passive motor response after learned association between 2 stimuli
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What is operant conditioning?
Change in motor response after association between action and reward
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Which parts of the brain are involved in the non declarative long term memory?
Basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory association cortex and cerebellum
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How are memories encoded?
Through long term potentiation increasing synapse strength
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Where would you find dorsal root ganglia?
In peripheral nervous system
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What do metabotrophic receptors do?
Activate G proteins which activate 3rd messengers
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Which neural pathway controls large muscle groups functioning in posture and balance?
The extrapyramidal tract
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What happens when a large amount of glutamate binds to receptors?
Release of paracrine messenger which further increases glutamate release
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What region of the brain provides feedback for voluntary movement to motor program generated?
cerebellum
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Where in the CNS to preganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
The brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord
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What is the effect of having G protein coupled receptors?
They activate effector proteins which may be ion channels or those that generate intracellular second messengers
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What are second messengers?
Molecules which activate additional enzymes in the cytosol
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Where is the spike initiation zone in a typical neurone?
There the axon originates from soma (cell body)
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How does sodium ion channel filter sodium from potassium?
Releases sodium water complex allowing water to be a chaperone through the channel
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What happens when light hits the retina?
It is focused on to the optic disk
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How do interneurons stop muscles from interfering with an intended movement?
Reciprocal inhibition
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How is vasoconstriction opposed in the working muscle ?
Motor nerve drive and local metabolites have a sympatholytic action opposing it
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What are the main functions of the frontal lobe?
Personality, behaviour, decision making and motor control
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What are the 7 subdivisions of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area, orbitofronal cortex, premotor cortex, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex
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What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
Decoding visual signals
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what is the subdivision of the occipital lobe?
Primary visual cortex- first part to receive the info
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What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Integrating sensory information, focusing on what is important
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What are the subdivisions of the parietal lobe?
Inferior lobule (mental tasks) Superior lobule (vision and touch) Precuneus (imagination) and Somatosensory cortex (touch info)
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What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Memories, emotion and language comprehension
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What are the 2 divisions of the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory cortex (interprets sounds) and Wernickes area (comprehension of language)
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What is the function of the brainstem?
Directing essential activities
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the brainstem?
Midbrain (contains substantia nigra which helps with regulating movement) Pons (attention) Medulla oblongata (control centres)
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What does the Amygdala do?
Works with the hippocampus to make long term memories of emotionally charged events- involved in association of danger
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What does the hippocampus do?
Responsible for the long term memory, spatial memory of places and continues to form neurones into adulthood
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Card 2

Front

Where in the brain does higher function happen?

Back

Frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

Card 3

Front

Where does imput into association cortices come from?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where are memories formed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where are memories stored?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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