Neuro: Week 4: Synapse and NT

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What is the synapse?
A gap of intracellular fluid between two neurones
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What is realised by the terminal buttons across the synaptic cleft?
Neurotransmitters
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Information travels from the presynaptic neurone to the (FILL IN) of the post synaptic neurone.
Dendrites
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What is triggered to move into the cell when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal?
Ca+
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What occurs when Ca+ ions move into the cell during synaptic transmission process?
They cause migration of vesicles to the pre-synaptic membrane
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In synaptic transmission, how do Neurotransmitters empty into the synaptic cleft?
The vesicles fuse to the presynaptic membrane and break open.
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What mechanism allows neurotransmitters to bind to receptor sites?
Lock and Key specificity
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What does the binding of neurotransmitters to the correct specific receptor do?
It opens NT dependent ion channels, changing the excitability of the post synaptic cell.
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Where do the synaptic vesicles fuse?
Pre synaptic membrane
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What are the main types of postsynaptic receptor?
Direct and Indirect
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What is another name for direct receptors?
Inotropic
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What is another name for indirect receptors?
Metabotropic
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What is an inotropic receptor?
Contains binding site for a NT and an ion channel
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What is a metabotropic receptor?
Only contains binding site for NT which activates an enzyme to open ion channels elsewhere in the membrane.
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Post synaptic potentials can be either...
Depolarising vs Hyperpolarising
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What does depolarisation of a potential corroborate to?
Excitatory: likelihood of an AP
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What does hyperpolarisation of a potential corroborate to?
Inhibitory: unlikelihood of an AP
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What determines if depolarisation or hyperpolarisation occurs?
Which type of ion channel in the post-synaptic membrane is opened by the NT
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What post synaptic potential does Na+ channels produce?
Excitatory (likelihood of AP)
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What do K+ channels produce as post synaptic potentials?
Inhibitory (decreased likelihood of AP)
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What does the effect of opening Cl- channels depend on?
Membrane potential, they only open if the nerve cell is already depolarised.
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What occurs if the post synaptic potential is already depolarised, in regards to Cl- channels?
Cl- will enter cell and stabilise the cell , decreasing likelihood of AP because the cell returns to rest.
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If a post synaptic membrane is depolarised this means...
Na+ has moved into the cell and an action potential is likely
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Hyperpolarisation is caused by?
K+ ions leaving the cell
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Why is removal of Neurotransmitters from the synapse important?
In order to allow ion channels on post-synaptic neurone to return to resting state ready for the next signal.
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What are the main ways NTs are removed from the synapse?
Reuptake, deactivation, diffusion
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How does reuptake remove NTs from the synapse?
NTs are quickly pumped back into nearby glia (astrocytes) or the axon terminal that released it.
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How does deactivation remove NTs from the synapse?
Enzymes near receptors destroy or inactivate them so receptors do not recognise the NTs
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Where do NTs in the synapse diffuse too?
Blood
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What is the NT ACh?
Acetylcholine
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What is the NT GABA full name?
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
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What way does ACh mostly act in regards to likelihood of AP?
Excitatory
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What role does ACh have in the PNS?
Muscle contraction and hormone stimulation excretion.
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What role does ACh have in the CNS?
REM, Learning, Memory
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What disease is ACh associated with?
Alzheimers
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What type of NT is dopamine?
Monoamine
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What way does dopamine mostly act in regards to likelihood of AP?
Both
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What is the major role of dopamine?
reward-motivated behaviour
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Other than reward motivated behaviour, what are other roles of dopamine?
movement, attention, learning, mood modulation
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What diseases is dopamine implicated in?
Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia
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What is Serotonin also known as?
5-HT
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What type of NT is serotonin?
Monoamine
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Is Serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?
Both
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What functions does serotonin contribute towards?
mood, eating, sleep, arousal, pain regulation
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What diseases is serotonin implicated in?
Depression
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What type of NT is noradrenaline/ norepinephrine?
Monoamine
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What nervous system is norepinephrine found in?
Both
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What disorders does norepinephrine play a role in?
Bipolar
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What type of NT is glutamate?
Amino acid
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Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory in the CNS
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What does Glutamate synthesise in the brain?
GABA
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What functions is glutamate involved in?
Learning and memory
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What medical conditions is glutamate mostly associated with?
Autism, Huntington's disease, MS
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What disease is glutamate mostly associated with?
Alzheimers and Huntington's
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What type of NT is GABA?
amino acid
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Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?
Inhibitory
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What is GABA synthesised for?
Vitamin B6 and glutamate
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What does GABA contribute to?
motor control, vision, cortical functions
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What are drugs that increase GABA in the brain used to treat?
Epilepsy and calm trembling in Huntington's disease
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is realised by the terminal buttons across the synaptic cleft?

Back

Neurotransmitters

Card 3

Front

Information travels from the presynaptic neurone to the (FILL IN) of the post synaptic neurone.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is triggered to move into the cell when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What occurs when Ca+ ions move into the cell during synaptic transmission process?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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