Nervous and endocrine systems

what are the general functions of hormones?

1) help regulate- exracellular fluid homeostasis, metabolism, muscle contraction, glandular secretion & some immune functions 2)growth and development 3)reproduction 4)establish circadian rythms

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what are autocrine hormones?

local hormones that is screted and binds to the same cell.

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what are paracrine hormones

local hormones that are secreted in to the interstatial fluid and act on nearby cells

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what are endocrine hormones?

hormones that are secreted into interstatial fluid and then reabsorbed into the blood streamto be carried systemically to anycell taht displayes the appropriate type of receptor

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where does lipid soluble hormones bind?

to the receptors in the cytoplasm of the nucleus

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give a few example of a steriod (lipid soluble) hormones

Aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, oestrogen

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give a few examples of thyroid hormones (lipid soluble)

T3 and T4

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give a few examples of gases (lipid soluble)

nitric oxide (both a hormone and neurotransmitter)

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where do water soluble hormones bind?

to the receptor on the plasma membrane of the cell

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what are the three main types of water soluble hormones?

amine hormones, peptide/protein hormones and eiscosanoid hormones.

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give a few examples of amine hormones

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (tyrosine), histamine (histadine), serotonin and melatonin (tryptophan)

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give a few examples of peptide hormones

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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give a few examples of protein hormone

human growth hormone and insulin

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give a few examples of eicosanoid hormones

prostaglandins and leukotrienes, local hormones secreted by all cells except blood

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what are the hormones that act va increased cAMP?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocortocotropic hormone (ACTH) and Adrenaline/epinepharine

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what are the hormones that act via decreased cAMP?

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

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what are the alternative second messengers?

ca ions, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglyceral (DAG)

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what does the responsiveness of the target cell depend on?

1) hormone concentration in the blood 2)number of hormone receptors on target cell 3) influences of other hormones

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what is the permissive effect?

requires recent or simultaneous exposure to secnond hormone

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what is the syenergistic effect?

when two hormones have a greater impact than individually.

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what is hormone secretion regulated by?

1)signals from the nervous system 2) chemical changes in the blood 3) other hormones

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what is blood ca ions level controlled by if ca ions level is low?

parathyroid hormone(PTH). low levels of ca ions stimulate the release of PTH which then increases ca ions levels

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what hormone lowers ca ions level in blood?

when ca ions is high in the blood PTH production ceases and the thyroid gland secretes CALCITONIN to lower the ca ion levels

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what is the major ink between the nervous and endocrine systems?

The hypothalamus which controls the pituitary gland.

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how many hormones does the pituitary glands secrete?

7 hormones

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the pituitary gland is seperated in to two distinct portions what are they?

Anterior pituitary and posterier pituitary

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what stimulates and supresses the anterior pituitary?

stimulated by releasing hormones from hypothalams and is suppressed by inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus

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what is the function of the posterier pituitary?

the posterior pituitary doesnt synthesise hormones, its function is to store and release oxytocin and ADH

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what hormone does the pineal gland secrete and what is its function?

secretes the hormone melatonin which contribute to maintaining the biological clock (more melatonin is secreted in the dark)

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what does thyroid hormones along with human growth hormone and insulin do?

acelerate body growth, particularly growth of nervous and skeletal systems.

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what are the actions of thyroid hormones?

increase basal metabolic rate,stimulate synthesis of Na & k ATPase,increase body temperature,stimulate protein synthesis,increase use of glucose & fatty acids for ATP production,stimulate lipolysis,enhance actions of catecholamine,

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There are two adrenal glands.the adrenal gland is composed of two different regions what are the called and what do they secrete?

adrenal cortex= release steroid hormones like cortisol and adrenal medulla= catecholamines like norepinehaine

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what organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

the pancreas

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what does the thymus secrete? and what is its function?

the thymus secretes tymosin which promotes the proliferation and matureation of T-cells

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what hormone does the skin secrete and what is its function?

vitamin D- mineral homeostasis

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what hormone does the liver secrete and what is its function?

angiotensinogen : increases blood pressure

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what hormone does the small intestines secrete and what is its function?

secretin: increases secretion of pancreatic juice

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what hormone does the heart secrete and what is its function?

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which decreases blood pressure

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what hormone does the stomach secrete and what is its function?

Gastrin: increases stomach motility

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what hormone does the kidney secrete and what is its function?

erythropoietin: oncreases red blood cell production

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Nervous and endocrine systems

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