Nervous system diseases

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 18-04-19 09:44
what is idiopathic epilepsy
epilepsy where a specific cause has not been identified
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what has been identified in some breed and what does it do
a genetic basis e.g. LG12 affecting proteins in synaptic function in Lagotto Romangnolo
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which 7 breeds is idiopathic epilepsy likely to have a heritable component in
GSD, belgian shepherd, beagles, keeshonds, labrador retrievers, border collies, dachshund
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what are the three phases of generalized seizures
pre-ictal, octal, post-ictal
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what is the diagnosis of seizures
history, physical exam, neurological exam, bloods - extracranail causes, MRI - inter cranial causes, CSF tap - inflammatory, infectious causes
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what are the two methods of cerebrospinal fluid collection (CSF tap)
cisternal puncture, lumbar puncture
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what is cisternal puncture
puncture of cisternal cerebellomedullaristhrough cranial atlanta-occipital membrane
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what is a lumbar puncture
the withdrawal of fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region between l3-l4
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what is the nursing involved with patient is status epilepticus
drugs - diazepam, propofol, phenobarbital, maintain airway, monitor temp, longer term anticonvulsants
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what are the three altered levels of consciousness
obtunded, stuporous, comatose
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what is obtunded
decreased interest, slow responses
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what is stuporous
unresponsive, only respond to painful stimuli
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what is comatose
unresponsive to stimuli, does not initiate voluntary actions
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what are the 2 primary causes of unconsciousness
accident/injury, after prolonged convulsions
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what are the 6 secondary causes of unconsciousness
physical - hyper.hypothermia, circulatory - shock, infarction, asphyxia, organ failure, metabolic - hyperglycemia etc, toxicity
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what are the two things that spinal injuries may result in
paralysis, paresis
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what is paralysis
loss of sensation and ability to move a body part
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what is paresis
limb weakness
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what is quadriplegia/tetraplegia
paralysis in four limbs caused by fracture/disc protrusion
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what is hemiplegia
paralysis of one half go the body caused by cerebral disease, atlanta-axial lunation
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what is paraplegia
paralysis of hind quarters and distal trunk caused by thoracolumbar fracture, disc protrusion, pelvic fracture, aortic thromboembolism, sacroiliac luxation
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what are the 10 cause of spinal injuries (VITAMIN D)
vascular, inflammatory, toxic, trauma, anomaly, congenital, metabolic, idiopathic, neoplasia, nutritional, degenerative
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how does vascular cause spinal injuries
fibrocartilaginous embolus FCE
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how does inflammation cause spinal injuries
toxoplasmosis, canine distemper, discospondylitis
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how do toxins cause spinal injuries
organ phosphate poisioning
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how does trauma cause spinal injuries
fracture
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how does anomaly/congenital cause spinal injuries
atlanta-axial instability, syringomyelia, neuropathy in boxers
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how does metabolic care spinal injuries
diabetic neuropathy
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how does idiopathic cause spinal injury
wobblers syndrome, lumbosacral stenosis
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how does neoplasia cause spinal injuries
primary or metastatic tumour
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how does nutritional cause spinal injuries
hypervitaminosis C in cats
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how does degenerative cause spinal injuries
interval disc disease
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wha are the 6 diagnostic tests for spinal injuries
radiography, myleography, CT, MRI, EEG, EMG
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what does radiography do
may detect fractures, tumors or discs
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what does myleography do
under GA, injection of water soluble iodine into subarachnoid space, can detect narrowing of spinal chord
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what does CT do
computerized tomography, good for assessing trauma
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what does MRI do
magnetic resonance imaging, detects resonance of protons in water molecules, good for soft tissue
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what does EEG do
electroencephalography, electrode in the skull measure electrical brain activity, can be used for hearing test - brainstem auditory evoked reposes BAER
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what does EMG do
electromyogram, assesses motor neurones and skeletal muscles
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what breeds is intervertebral disc disease common in
chrondrodysplastic breeds
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what are the clinical signs of intervertebral disc disease
pain, ataxia, paresis, paralysis, incontinence, urinary retention, loss of panniculus reflex
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what is fibrocartilaginous embolism FCE
fibrocartilaginois material from nucleus pulpous enters vertebral blood vessel, causing an embolism in spina chord
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what is it also know as
spinal chord stroke
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what are the clinical signs of fibrocartlaginous embolism FCE
varying degrees of paresis/paralysis depending on degree of spinal chord ischaemia
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what patients does it usually affect
young, large breed dogs, acute onset
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how is FCE diagnosed
MRI
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what is discospondyitis
bacterial infection of vertebrae, usually hematogenous spread from urinary tract
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what breeds are predisposed
large and giant breeds
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what are the clinical signs of discospondylitis
spinal pain, progressive ataxia of limbs caudal to lesions
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treatment of discospondylitis
4-6 weeks antibiotics
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what is wobblers syndrome
chronic compression of spinal chord in cervical region
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what breeds are predisposed to wobblers syndrome
great danes, dobermans
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what 3 factors cause wobblers syndrome
narrow bony canal, degenerative disk changes, soft tissue overgrowth
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what is lumbosacral stenosis also known as
cauda equina syndrome
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what is lumbosacral stenosis
compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots
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what are the signs of lumbosacral stenosis
weakness of pelvic limd/tail, may have urinary/faecal incontinence
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what are the three types of spinal tumours
primary tumour of spinal chord, metastatic tumour, external compression
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what is an example of primary tumour of spinal chord
nerve sheath
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what is an example of metastatic tumour
lymphoma
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what is an example of external compression
osteosarcoma
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what is atlanto-axial instability
instability between atlas and axis, usually development present before 1 year old
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what breeds is it seen in
small - yorkies, chihuhua, mini poodles, pomeranian, pekingese
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what is syringomyelia
obstruction of CSF outflow
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what breed is it common in
CKCS - associated with chiari-like malformation
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what are the signs of syringomyelia
occipital hypoplasie, cerebellum displaced into foramen magnum
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what is a syrinx
cyst filled with CSF in the spinal chord
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what is cerebella hypoplasia
congeintal disease, often cause queen contracting feline pan leukopenia virus whilst pregnant
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what is an intention tremour
usually caused by cerebella disease e.g. neospora, congenital
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what is horners syndrome
disruption of sympathetic supply to the eye - often caused by ear or cervical disease
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what are the five causes of encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis
bacterial meningitis, parasitic - toxoplasma, neospora, e.cuniculi, viral - distemper, FIP, Fungal, immune mediated
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what are the 2 cause of head tilt
vestibular syndrome, congenital nystagmus
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what are the 5 causes of peripheral nerve disorder
traumatic neuropathies, botulism, dysautonomia, myasthenia gravis
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what has been identified in some breed and what does it do

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a genetic basis e.g. LG12 affecting proteins in synaptic function in Lagotto Romangnolo

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which 7 breeds is idiopathic epilepsy likely to have a heritable component in

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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what are the three phases of generalized seizures

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Card 5

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what is the diagnosis of seizures

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