nazi germany pt 3

What was the role of propaganda in success?

Nazis used skilled propaganda and owned their own newspapers, used about 3-4 bold persuasive words.

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Who was Joseph Goebbels 1928 onwards?

Propaganda Chief who tailored speeches and rallies putting the blame on jews.

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why did communism help Naxi sucess?

the KPD gained 3m votes, they staged hungar marches, frequent battles etc.This lead to more Nazi votes because people were scared of a communist revolution = frightened into voting Nazi.

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why did Hindenburg appoint hitler as chancellor 1933?

Thought he was inexperienced and asy manipulated.

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why did Bruning fall 1932?

He didint have majjority support, he cut ages and expenditure which worsened depression. He resigned becuase Hindenburg refused to give him presidental decree

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why did papen fall 1932

He ruled by ddecree, and limited the street ban on SA 1932 which created loads of violence. He began loosing creditbility from the army and called another elcetion at the wrong time= resigned becuase army wouldnt support him

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Why did Schleicher fall 1933?

He persuaded Hindenburg to elect him but he qs reluctant. He cancelled Papens wage cuts whcih annoye industrialists and failed to get their support. He resigned becuase hindenburg wouldnt dissolve the reichstag and give him dictorial power

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what was the backstairs intrigue?

Hindenburgs small forup of advisors which helped him with key decisions. for example schliecher who had influecne on hindeburgs chancellor choices and Osakr Hindeburg ( son) whos opinion was highly held

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What violence did the Nazi SA do agaisnt political parties?

Were key to Hitlers rise, hitler expanded them to 3 million to eliminate oppostion = there activity gained legal authority and became the auxillary police

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What did the SA create?

A nazi revolution because they unleashed terror on opponents and broke up communist meetings and this behaviour was ignored.

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What was the reichstag fire 1933?

The reichstag burned down in feb and comuunist was charged- hitler set him up = enabled Nais to justify using terror to stop the communist revolution

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What is the Decree of the protection of people and state 1933?

Hitler erusaded Hindenburg to give him article 48 and played on communist threat.Gave police more arrest powers and legalise assult oncommunists = 10,000 arrested in 2 weeks

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What was the enabling act 1933?

Allowed Hitler to make laws without Hindenburg for 4 years = legitiamised the naxi dictatorship so they were able to develop a terror state.

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What was the government changes of creating a one party state?

KPD were banned after reichstag fire, Spd was banned because it was Hostile and the DVNP and Centre party dissolved themselves.

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what law was there in 1933 about parties?

1933 law agaisnt formation of new parties

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What was the causes of the Night of the long knifves 1933?

Hitler diditn have full control over SA violenceand the importance of them declined with Nazis got dictorial power, so many lost their status.

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what was it?

1934 SA units blocked army convoys and confiscated weapons so Hitler had a purge of the SA

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what was the outcome?

84 executed and 1000 arrested= hitler tooj the responsibilty claiming he was saving hte country from an SA coup.

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what limits were there to hitlers power if Hindenburg was alive?

Didnt have absolute power and the army owed alligence to the president not the chancellor so Hind could remove Hitler

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what did Hitler aim to do when Hindenburg dies?

he aimed to merge roles of chancellor and president, he became president when hindenburg died aug 1934 = consilidated his power

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waht did the ** do?

arrested political prisoner and controlled camps 1936. Forced inmates to work.

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Was this effective?

Yes because most of the 70 camps closed

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What were the SD?

A security service for the nazis which gathered evidence about political enemies. reported those who voted no in plebiscites.Ordinary germans and not professionals

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What were the Gestapo?

secret police in every neighbourhood ( 25,000 members) reported suspicious activity to Nazis

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were they succesful?

successful in instaling fear and self-survaillance however some claims were based on grudges dn there was lots of false infomation - limit effectiveness

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what were peoples courts 1934?

dealt with political crime and the defendant couldnt appeal. 3/5 judges were nazi so would always over rule

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What were the Spd resistence to the nazi regime?

1933 wouldnt accept the enabling act,defied the SA.Established small pockets of supporters who smuggled propaganda leaflets

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What were the KPD resistence to Nazi regime?

still caused opposition despite 10% of their members were murdered after fire. created underground networksand published papers

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How did workers resist the Nazi regime?

250 strikes due to poor working conditions n and low wages. A total of 4000 were imprisoned. They would often not attend work and sabotage machinery. = led to absenteeism laws in 1938 and sabotage a criminal offence

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what happened to the protestant church?

a seperate confessional church broke apart which spoke out against Nazism and refused to display swastika flag

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how did the Nazi regime respond?

responded with oppression. 700 pastors imprisoned and they were banned from teaching etc

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how did the catholic church resist?

singed the concordat 1933 where they agreed to not to speak out . 1937 the pope issued a Papal ball against the Nazis and was smuggled to be read at all churches

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How did the Nazis respond to this?

priests charged for reading the Papal 1937 and were harassed and intimidated

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what was the persistence of the young people?

Hitler youth was made compulsory in 1936 which took away all their independence and freedom. Young people resisited by allowing their membership to lapse and hummed band songs

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how did the nazi's respond?

Wasnt reviewed as serious, just appeared as rebellious behavior rather than opposition- easily identified and targeted

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how did the Elites resist in the beginning?

Didn't oppose because they wanted an authoritarian government. Hitler had an alliance with the army so they went along.

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What was the resistance in 1938?

1938 Hitler aimed to invade Czech but a military coup tried to remove Hitler

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what were propaganda aims?

control flow of resistance, promote positive images of the regime and persuaded people to support the regime

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how did Nazis use film?

created the Triumph of the will to hsow they were the greatest film makers. 1938- Olympia ( film of the Olympics) to show the world that they were strong and healthy

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how did they use parades and spectacles?

torch light procession parade which showed Hitler was powerful. Rallies with uniforms etc to capture attention and publicly burned Jewish books and said they were degenerate ( ****)

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how did they use radio?

1933- made over 50 broadcasts and loud speakers were setup in every town. Goebells promoted mass production of cheap radios ( 70% of households had one by 1939)

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what was the propaganda myth?

presented Hitler as the man of the people and hardworking when in reality he was lazy and rarely made his own decisions. propaganda showed that he sacrificed his life for Germany, when in reality he used Nazi officials to do this

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what was the extent of totalitarianism ( control over peoples lifes) ??

created a one-party state and indoctrinated the young e,g HJ. propaganda was integrated into all societies and the terror state crushed opposition.

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what was economy like in 1933?

in a great depression and 6 million wereunemployed.

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What were Hitlers aims for economy?

reduce unemployment, raise living standards and achieve autarky

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what was the policy of Autobahns?

1933 ordered building of autobahns( motorways) to reduce unemployment. hitler planned to provide 600,000 jobs.

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what was the reality of the autobahns?

it was propaganda to make it look like figures were decreasing, when actually only 124,000 were employed = myth of a good economy

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what did they introduce in 1935 for work?

riech labour service introduced where unemployed men were compelled to do g months labour service

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what was the New plan 1934?

Schaft made deals with foreign countries to increase German exports

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what are mefo bills?

schaft used them to fiance re-armament, companies would give money and could secretly re-arm without it being noticed

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did schaft Germany war ready ?

No, he spent his money on improving living standards and he opposed the policy of autarky. - lost influence 1936

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What was the economic situation that Goerring?

there was food shortages and strain- question of guns and butter

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What was the four year plan 1936?

needed to achieve max self-efficiency to get ready for war and had to comply with production rates to comply with.

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did the results of the 4 year plan match the propaganda claims?

no- still imported 1/3 of its raw material by 1939

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what did the 4 year plan aim to achieve?

economic autarky(self- effieciency) in food and materials. propaganda persuaded people to buy only German goods, food and materials

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what was the campaign in 1937?

campaign to collect scrap metal from homes and gardens by the HJ

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How did Nazis manage elites and industrialists?

most businesses leaders were co-operative and took advantage of oppurunities of the 4 year plan e.g one chemical company made 69 Reichmarks. However some buisness companies were sceptical because they were unsure ofusing hte poor quality steel.

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What was the myth in unemployment?

Economic recovery took place before the Nazis came to power under Bruning. They persuaded married women to give their jobs up for men 1935. There was actually a shortage of workers because of conscription and statistical devices inflated the

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What was propaganda purpose?

Emphasied persona sacrifices in return for better living and working conditions

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What was the peoples car?

A Nazi propaganda project which advertised a Volkswagen an persuaded people to pay into saving schemes

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What was the reality of living conditions?

shoettage of necessities 1936, people coundlnt afford luxuries such as meat and fruit. there was introduction of rationing

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What was the Nazi social policy towards schools?

text books were vetted and curriculum were controlled.- emphasis on PE, racial health and biology.All teachers had to join a nationalists teachers league

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what did they do to jewish teachers?

under the 933 law of establishment of professional service, all Jewish teachers were dismissed

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What was teh policy towards univeristies?

The law of establishment of professional service meant that 15% of uni staff were dismissed. teachers ha to take a declaration of support towards Hitler 1933

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what happened to the number o people going to uni?

Uni spaces were rationed- women only had 0% of places and jews only 1.5%

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Was there much resistance from unis?

no- becuase students knew there future careers depended on supporting the regime

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what happned to all other youth organisations when Nazis came to power 1933?

all other youth groups were banned and taken over by the hitler youth

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when did the Hitler youth become compulsory?

1939

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what was the league of german girls?

female equivalent to HJ, which prepared girls to be mothers and wives.it taught that their bodies belonged to the nation, so it focused on fitness and execerise. it taight racial awareness to marry a German slider to keep a pure race

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what was the aimof the nazis towards women?

To increase birth rate so women were awared with medal depending on how many babies they donated to the fuhrer.Women were also given loans if they married an Ayran man.

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What was the German womens league 1933?

all women under Nazi control, had a membership of 6 million by 1939

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what was the reich mother service?

convinced people of mother duties and 1.7 million women attended these services by 1939

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What was the DAF 1933?

represented workers and win them over to the idea of volkshemeinshaft, with aims to increase production. iT had its own propaganda unit and provided training courses

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what was the Stength Through joy -KDF 1933?

workers will gain leisure from doing work. these activities indoctrinated the workers an gave them no time or freedom. Gave holidays abroad, tickets to theatres etc.

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what was thr member ship of the KDF?

35 million, but only because membership was automatic if joined the DAF

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what was the myth of the leisure?

spied on by gestapo, only 10% of working class got tickets and their was little mixing

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what was the concorat 1933?

between the ctaholic churcg and the regime where Catholics will stay neutral- not criticise the regime but not support it. but the regime broke this in the same year by seizing Catholic property

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what conflict was there 1935-36 and how did the regime respond??

catholic priests started speaking out against the regime e.g Galen who issued pamphlets/ Nazis returned by siezing property, censoring catholic newspapers etc.

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what did Goebbels spread about catholic priests?

Spread sex scandals which arrested 200 church members = weakened the church by 1939

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What did the regime do to the reich chruch and were they sucessful?

Re-organised the cburch and abolished elected bodies.Disnmessed all non- aryan pastors included 18 converted pastors. = successful to co-coordinating it into the volkschemeinshafct

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what was the confessional church and its threats?

group of 5000 dissent pastorswho refuse to display swastika flags and held mass demoastations

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how did the regime respond and was it sucessful?

reduced church influence for young people by making them join the HJ and pressurised professional employees t denounce their faith= success because by 939 only 5% of population believed in God

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what was the Nazi social Darwinism ideology?

Ayans are superior and have righs over inferior jews etc. need to eliminate degenerate races to create a Aryan master race

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Whats the concept of Volkshemeinshaft?

must have racial purity , so eliminate un-pure elements. Only reserved for Ayrans

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whats the concept of Lebenstraum?

The country is overpopulated due to degenerates, so when take over Poland move them all into one space to make room for the superior race

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what was the policies towards disabaled?

the hereditary defects are a threat to the Aryan race , so the idea of Eugeneics was developed as selected breading and stop spread of defects

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what was the legal stage in 1933?

sterilisation law in 1933 for everyone with diseases

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what was the law on abortion 1935?

anyone with hereditary diseases must have abortions and anyone pregnant over 38

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how were these steralisation laws readicalised?

could be performed on anyone over 10 add 400,000 were sterilised

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what were the Euthanasia policies 1939?

'mercifully put to death the burden' children sent to special hospitals to starve to death or be injected = 5000 children were killed

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what was the T4 campaign and did it last long?

the rapid expansion of the euthanasia campaign, was put to an end in 1941 because Galen opposed it and sparked protests

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what was the policy towards asocials?

1939 mass round up of homeless and sent to concentration camps. especially in 1936 before the Olympics to create a positive image

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What were the policies towards homosexuals?

1933- purge on homosexuals and poeple were listed as gay by gestapo. there was a law against homosexuality in 1935

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what was the outcome for homosexuals?

50,000 convited and sent to camps and 60% of the gay prisoners died due to brutal treatments

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what happened to relgiou sects 1933?

a ban put on them becuase thy were more loyal to their god than the furher

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which group reisisted the most and what happened to them?

Jehovah witnesses because they didn't take oath of alligence- 1935- 10,000 were imprisoned

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what were the policies against the gypsies?

1935 buenmberg laws banned intermarriages with gypsies and in 1939 they were being deported to Poland

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what was the boycott of jewish shops 1933?

organised by Goebbels where SA marked Jewish businesses with a star and intimidated people from going to them. they did this by using the Enabling act

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what were the civil service laws and anti-sematic legislation in 1933?

purpose was to push Jews out of certain sectors in society to minimise opposition

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What were the Nurmberg laws 1935?

passed at the Nuremberg rally which classified Jews as no longer German. New law in 1935- law for the protection of German blood and honour. where it is illegal for german and Jews to marry

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What was he Nazi discrimination towards the Jews?

Banning htem form public places such as swimming pools and cinemas. 'Jews not welcome' signs and anti-jewish schools = soem people only discriminated publicly( because of Gestapo fear) but didn't actually hold these views

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what was the Anschluss with Austria 1938?

a union between Germnay and Autria which made Hitler feel powerful and embodies which lead to radicalisation of his policies

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what decrees did Hitler implement after Anschluss?

1938- Jews with non-Jewsish names had to make them Jewish and Jewish business worth over 5000 marks were confiscated= union meant he could persecute larger numbers of Jews

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what was the reichkristalnacht 1938?

violence organised by Goebbels to loot Jewish businesses and burn synagogues. = 91 Jews were killed and 191 synagogues were burnt

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what did the Nazi;s also do after the Reichkristalnacht to make matters for Jews worse?

prevented insurance comanies paying compensation, they had to pay it themselves - 'decree for restoration of the street scene

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what the the nazi attempts to encourage emigration 1938-41?

was seen as the solution to he Jewish problem, after Kristalnacht 150,000 jews voluntry left and 9000 children were sent to uk. Howevee later on Nazis coonrolled this emigration by threatening to take property- 1938, 45,000 of Austrias Jews forced to

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what was the significance of the 1939 war with Poland?

once Hitler invaded Poland, France and Britain got involved which led to the radicalisation of his policies. Due to conquing Poland Hitler had more land to send jews, so he deported 500,000 to create lebenstraum

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what was the Madagascar plan and what was the outcome?

idea to send 4 million Jews to Madagascar but had to be abandoned becuase british navy would intercept the ships and they also didn't have enough boats due to it being the war = not clear or consistent

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what was the Nazi solviet pact 1939 and what did it lead to?

pact between Hitler and USSR leader Starlin but this lead to operation Barbarossa because Hitler broke the pact

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What was the Operation Barbarossa?

Hitler borkje agreement and invaded Russia which then brought 3 million Solviet Jews under his rule

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so did operation Barbarossa lead to radicalisation towards the Jews?

yes - There was new policies to restrict Jews e,g not owning radio and no rationing allowance. Also because there was more Jews, Hitler said to 'eliminate Jewish Bolshevik intelligentsia' but this was interpreted by officials to eliminate Jews

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why were Ghettos established in 1940?

a solution to deal with Jews and create Lebenstraum. Jews were forcibly deported to the European countries in harsh conditions with high disease levels and a lack of food = afterwards hey were deported to killing centres

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what was the Warsaw Ghetto 1940?

in poland, Jews lived on 200 calories day whilst working and 6000 would die a month in 1941

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what were the Eizatguppen?

special groups sent to deal with Jewish problem after they interpreted it as Hitlers command after operation Barbarossa. used mass shooting and gassing methods- killed 1.3 million Jews

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When was rationing introduced and why did they have to be careful with implementation?

rationing system implemented in 1939 but had to be careful because it was before the war had started so didn't want a fall in morale or anti-war feelings. allocations were made on age, sex and occupation

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why did the invasion with soviet union in 1941 effect rationing?

rations had to be reduced because imports stopped, higher levels of starvation

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wha did propaganda do and was the overall rationing system effective?

Goebbels spread own info to keep morale high and controlled circulation of ant-war views. overall wasnt effective because enemies would produce counterfeit stamps which causedwh havoc

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what degree of moral was their in the first stage of war after defeating Poland 1939-41?

high morale up until 1940 beucase of vicoties and propaganda but after 1940 it started to drop because people started to get an antiwar feeling and rations dropped morale

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degree of morale in second stage- invasions of USSR and declared war on USA 194

limited success in maintaining morale beucase Germany was now involved in a world war and the German army stopped going further- cant succeed without army

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degree of morale 1942- 43 when Germany starts loosing Stalingrad due to weather

up unitl starligrad there was willingness to endure hardship but onces they were defeated at Stalingrad and no longer were winning. ,morale fell

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degree of morale in 4th stage 1943-44.when Goebbels declared total war and Germany face loads of bombing

no morale- people fell helpless and the Nazis were failing them because allied forces had entered germany

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end of the war, stage 5

failed at maintaining morale by the end of the war , 1/4 of the population was homeless from bombings and 3.5 million Germans had to flee their homes to escape fighting

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when did allied bombing in Germany start?

1940, imitally moderate but became increasingly heavier in industrial cities

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how did the bombings start and were they effective?

in 1940-41 they were night time bombs, but accuracy was low- fewer than 1/3 of bombs hit their target

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what was bombing like in phase 2, 1942?

were night bombings aimed at civilians and workers ( tired workers out, so they are less efficient) = not serious damage

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phase 3, spring of 1942

USA startd bombing as well which worsened the damage and caused a drop in morale

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by he end of the allied bombing 1944-45

bombs had devastating effects which caused a massive fall in morale

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what were preparations for war?

self- protection was encouraged ( 150 mark fine for not doing air raid duties) Property owners were asked to build a bomb safe room = not much help from Nazis

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how did Germany help people - what was the German civil defence?

They had air protection laws 1935 were commanders appoined air raid centres. However. the civilans were more responsible for germanys 'self-protection' , the householders funded the defence - not the gov

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What were the evacuation and welfare of community methods?

Children and those who were vulnerable were evacuated. by jan 1945 there were 8.9 million evacuees. = alot of people self- evacuated because of panic and didn't feel protected by gov

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*** effectively did Germany deal with the crisis?

people fled during raids and ** had to control them. Although there was effectiveneess becuase Kitchens gave food to homeless and tokens were given to them for emergency clothing

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Effects of the bombing?

survere damage occured in the last 9 months . Damge cost 50 billion marks by 1943. .50% of towns were destroyed and 300k-400k killed

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why was there a problem of labour shortages for war?

Germany h ad been preparing fro war since 1936 but didnt think it would tart until 1942- so they were not mobilised= hadn't started full rearnament

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why was arnament prodcuion weak?

Different parts of the army demanded specialsed ( different ) equipment- harder to make because it wasn't standardised

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what was Albert speers significance?

given power to establish a central planning agency to improve production

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what changes did Speer do?

reduced the number of factories used from 7 to 3 and open 24hrs a day. also made sure their was a lower range of standardised weapons

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was there a production miracle?

production trebled 1942-44 and sircraft production increased by 200% productivity per worker was also 61%

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what effects did allied bombing have on Speers developments?

alies trgetted industrial areas, the bombings damaged factories and supply lines= reduction in production e.g 35% less tanks produced

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how did the Nazis make the use of workers more efficient?

number of workers in consumer goods were reduced and those in munition factories increased= conscription for war work

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what was the total war approach after defeat of starlingrad?

all men 16-65 and women 17-45 had to work, small business closed and employees sent for war work. come through exercise to identify men who could be conscripted in armed forces

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why were foreign workers used and what was the benefit?

foreign prisoners were used as workers to deal with the shortages. by 1944 7 million workers in Germany = 35% of workforce were foreign workers

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what triggered the need to deal with the Jewish problem quickly?

Germany were losing the war ( starlingrad 1942-43

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what triggered the need to deal with the Jewish problem quickly?

Germany were losing the war ( starlingrad 1942-43) so they had to change their policies

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what was the Wannasee conference 1942?

meeting of 15 high offical nazis where it was implemented that Jews will be systematically eliminated.

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when did concentration camps become death camps

1941

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what was chelmo and how many were killed there?

first killing centre built in 1941, 145,000 deaths

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what the variation about Auschwitz?

Took Jews from all countries, but they worked before they were killed- more survivors

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what were the jewish resistence groups in poland?

partisan fighters who had bases in camps and sabotaged forces, over 10,000 ctive in 1942

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what was the Ghetto revolt?

large rising in Warsaw 1943 , crushed by 2000 German troops

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what did Jewish prisoners do in Auschwitz 1944?

blew up the crematoriam and smuggled detailed reports to allies about the extermination process

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what were Death marches and why were they carried ut 1944?

the enemies( red army) were getting closer so they need to deal with Jews quiclkly, so tookt hem on long marches in freezing weather whilst they were malnourished

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what happened to the Jews on these marches?

250,000 to 400,000 died on the marches but some reisised by eating mouldy food they found in bins and telling Nazis to shoot them

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what does death marches show abou the nazi policy?

inconsistent and unclear- any methord to quickly kill Jews

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how many Jews and Solviet prisoners of war died?

5-6 million Jews and 3 million Soviet prisoners

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what did Goldhagen and Kersaw say was the cause of the Holocaust?

Goldhagen- people were hitlers willing executioners. Kersaw-it was clear in Hitlers speeches that he waned to kill the Jews but he didn't directly state to kill them

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what were the Edelweiss pirates ?

working class youth opposition group who wwre ant- hitler youth and avoided conscription. had underground groups to help escapee prisoners = broken up by gestapo and publically executed

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who were the white rose group?

a middle class group based in unis, had outrage on the mass murder of Jews and issued pamphlets and anti- Nazi signs= 6 main members executed which shows high threat

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What were the Swing group?

middle class motivated to have a good time, rejected Nazi values by listening to British jazz and wearing British clothes which is against HJ ideals= arrested and sent to do labour service which showed they were less of a threath

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how did the catholic church oppose the regime?

galen- spoke against regime, had success in ending the euthanasia campaign by resulted in its hault in 1941

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how did the catholic church resist?

the confessional church publicly pretested the treatment of Jews. Bonhoeffer outspoken critic who was banned from speaking oublically and executed due to worries that he will drop morale

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who were the Kesiau circle?

elites who were resistant of the Nazis and believed in freedom and responsibility

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whatw as the threat of the army?

multiple a**a**ination attempts to kill Hitler and they made negotiations with Britain= 5000 were executed by **- was taken seriously

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what was working class oppostion?

rise in absenteeism because of wage reductions and bad conditions. there were also underground KPD cells which attacked the regime

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nazi germany pt 3

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