Natural & Tectonic Hazards

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What is a Natural Hazard?
A Natural Hazard is a process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property and possessions
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What is a Natural Disaster?
A Natural Disaster is a natural hazard that has actually happened
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Geological Hazards
Geological Hazards are caused by land and tectonic processes
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Give 3 examples of Geological Hazards
Volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides
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Meteorological Hazards
Meteorological Hazards are caused by weather and climate
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Give 3 examples of Meteorological Hazards
Tropical storms, extreme weather (heatwaves) and climate change
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What are the layers of the Earth?
Inner core, outer core, the mantle and the crust
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What is the Core?
The Core of the Earth is a ball of solid (inner) and liquid (outer) iron and nickel
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What is the Mantle?
The Mantle is made of semi-molten rock
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What is the Crust?
Divided into slabs called tectonic plates, made up of two types of crust, continental and oceanic
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What is the Continental Crust?
Continental Crust is thicker (30-50 km) and less dense
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What is the Oceanic Crust?
Oceanic Crust is thinner (5-10 km) and more dense
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Why are the plates moving?
Due to Convection Currents in the mantle underneath the crust
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What is it called when the plates meet?
Plate Margins or Plate Boundaries
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What are the different types Plate Margin?
Destructive, Constructive, Conservative and Collision
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What is a Destructive Plate Margin?
where two plates are moving towards each other. Where an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle and destroyed. Volcanoes
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What is a Constructive Plate Margin?
Where two plates are moving away from each other magma rises to fill the gaps and cools, creating new crust. Volcanoes
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What is a Conservative Plate Margin?
Where two plates are moving sideways past each other, or moving in the same direction at different speeds, crust isn't created or destroyed. Earthquakes
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What is a Collision Plate Margin?
Where two continental plates meet, the plates collide and the ground is folded and forced upwards to create fold mountains. Earthquakes
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How does Urbanisation increase a Hazard Risk?
Difficult to escape, more people affected
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How does Poverty increase a Hazard Risk?
Can't afford materials (weather proof) no technology, so weather warnings wouldn't be received, no education so they wouldn't know what to do
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How does building on Floodplains increase a Hazard Risk?
Damage housing property, first ones affected
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How does Climate Change increase a Hazard Risk?
More forest fires, prone to flooding, if areas are dry, farmers can't grow crops
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Example of a Destructive Plate Margin
South America, along the west coast
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Example of a Constructive Plate Margin
mid-Atlantic ridge
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Example of a Conservative Plate Margin
Along the west coast of the USA
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Example of a Collision Plate Margin
The Himalayas
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Case Study:
L'Aquila, Italy and Kashmir, Pakistan
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Date (Italy)
6th April, 2009
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Date (Pakistan)
8th October, 2005
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Magnitude Scale (Italy)
6.3
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Magnitude Scale (Pakistan)
7.6
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Primary effects (Italy)
300 deaths, 1500 injured, 60,000 homeless
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Primary effects (Pakistan)
80,000 deaths, 10,000's injured, 3,000,000 homeless
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Secondary effects (Italy)
Electricity and phone services were cut off, fires in collapsed buildings, broken water pipe caused a landslide
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Secondary effects (Pakistan)
Diarrhoea and other diseases spread due to little clean water, landslides buried buildings an people, freezing water conditions
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Immediate responses (Italy)
Camps were set up for those made homeless, emergency services and the army were sent, cranes and diggers removed rubble
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Immediate responses (Pakistan)
International aid though it didn't reach many areas for days or weeks, people rescued by hand, tents, blankets and medical supplies took a month to reach them
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Long term responses (Italy)
New settlements to accommodate 20,000, most of the city centre was rebuilt, investigation into why modern buildings couldn't withstand earthquakes
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Long term responses (Pakistan)
40,000 relocated to a new settlement, aid given to rebuild schools and government money to people to rebuild homes, many people had to use government money to buy food, 3 years after thousands were still living in temporary tents
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a Natural Disaster?

Back

A Natural Disaster is a natural hazard that has actually happened

Card 3

Front

Geological Hazards

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give 3 examples of Geological Hazards

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Meteorological Hazards

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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