Native American Timeline from 1862-1992
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- Created by: RachelMarie22
- Created on: 15-05-21 16:50
Native Americans timeline
1862-1992
1 of 58
1862
Homesteads Act
- Brought White people onto the plains - 160 acres of land offered free for 5 years
By 1865, 20,000 had settled onto Plains
- Brought White people onto the plains - 160 acres of land offered free for 5 years
By 1865, 20,000 had settled onto Plains
2 of 58
1862-7
The Plains Wars
- With a few notable exceptions, the US Army beat the Native Americans in these wars
- With a few notable exceptions, the US Army beat the Native Americans in these wars
3 of 58
1864
Sand Creek Massacre
- An attack by US Cavalry on an undefended Cheyenne Camp
- Men, women, children and the elderly were killed
- An attack by US Cavalry on an undefended Cheyenne Camp
- Men, women, children and the elderly were killed
4 of 58
1865-9
Union Pacific Railway
- Railroads built across the American continent, linking the Atlantic in the West with the Pacific in the East
- Cut through sacred NA land, wiped out buffalos
- Railroads built across the American continent, linking the Atlantic in the West with the Pacific in the East
- Cut through sacred NA land, wiped out buffalos
5 of 58
1867
Medicine Lodge Treaty
- Comanche, Kiowa, Plains Apache: These tribes had to accept lands in Western Oklahoma
- To amend this 3/4 of the tribe members would have to agree
- Comanche, Kiowa, Plains Apache: These tribes had to accept lands in Western Oklahoma
- To amend this 3/4 of the tribe members would have to agree
6 of 58
1868
Creation of the Great Sioux Reserve
- The 1568 Fort Laramie Treaty created this reserve - the government allowed a degree of self-determination via these treaty-made reservations
- The 1568 Fort Laramie Treaty created this reserve - the government allowed a degree of self-determination via these treaty-made reservations
7 of 58
1871
Indian Appropriations Act
- No more treaties
- Congress took full control
- No more treaties
- Congress took full control
8 of 58
1871-1887
Reservation Policy
- Placed on bits of land set aside by US government for them to occupy, usually on bad, unwanted land
- NAs had to rely on government
- Traditions were banned
- Placed on bits of land set aside by US government for them to occupy, usually on bad, unwanted land
- NAs had to rely on government
- Traditions were banned
9 of 58
1876
Battle of the Little Bighorn
- US Soldiers lost to a battle against Sioux and Northern Cheyenne - Lieutenant Custer and his detachment wiped out
- US Soldiers lost to a battle against Sioux and Northern Cheyenne - Lieutenant Custer and his detachment wiped out
10 of 58
1882
Creation of the Indian Rights Association
- Philanthropic organisation promoted ending of tribal lifestyle and wanted NA's to fully assimilate into society as true Christian American citizens
- Philanthropic organisation promoted ending of tribal lifestyle and wanted NA's to fully assimilate into society as true Christian American citizens
11 of 58
1887
Dawes Act ( Allotment Policy)
- Turned Native Americans into landowners and citizens ( after 25 years)
- Turned Native Americans into landowners and citizens ( after 25 years)
12 of 58
1890
Massacre at Wounded Knee
- Attack by US Cavalry on Native Americans
- Men, women, children and babies slaughtered
- Attack by US Cavalry on Native Americans
- Men, women, children and babies slaughtered
13 of 58
1898
Curtis Act
- Amendment to Dawes Act and authorised the application of the allotment system to the five civilised tribes of Oklahoma
- Ended the independence of these tribes by removing their right to be subject to their own tribal laws/ government
- Amendment to Dawes Act and authorised the application of the allotment system to the five civilised tribes of Oklahoma
- Ended the independence of these tribes by removing their right to be subject to their own tribal laws/ government
14 of 58
1902
Cherokee Nation v. Hitchcock
- Cherokee challenged Congress' right to deny them their rights to live according to their own laws
- Cherokee challenged Congress' right to deny them their rights to live according to their own laws
15 of 58
1903
Lone Wolf vs. Hitchcock
A Kiowa Chief, challenged the right of the Government to ignore the terms of the 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty
NA's named ' Wards of the Nation'
A Kiowa Chief, challenged the right of the Government to ignore the terms of the 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty
NA's named ' Wards of the Nation'
16 of 58
1905
Muskogee Convention
- Five civilised tribes( Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole) met in 1905 and proposed formation of the state SEQUOAH
- This was ignored by congress, and the State of Oklahoma was formed in 1906
- Five civilised tribes( Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole) met in 1905 and proposed formation of the state SEQUOAH
- This was ignored by congress, and the State of Oklahoma was formed in 1906
17 of 58
1911
The Society of American Indians Founded
- First inter-tribal group
- Failed due to lack of funds/ lack of mass support from NAs
- Split on aims/ internal division on matters of assimilation vs self-determination
- First inter-tribal group
- Failed due to lack of funds/ lack of mass support from NAs
- Split on aims/ internal division on matters of assimilation vs self-determination
18 of 58
1922
Bursum Bill
- Authorised acquisition of Pueblo land as well as cultural via Dance Order 1923
- Authorised acquisition of Pueblo land as well as cultural via Dance Order 1923
19 of 58
1923 Bill
Dance Order/ Leavitt Bill
SC threatened to remove the right of Pueblo Indians to perform some of their traditional dances
SC threatened to remove the right of Pueblo Indians to perform some of their traditional dances
20 of 58
1923 - Organisation
American Indian Defence Association founded
- Groups of writes/anthropologists aiming to protect rights of NA's to lands/beliefs etc..
- Successful in blocking the Bursum/ Leavitt Bills which posed a threat to the Pueblos
- Groups of writes/anthropologists aiming to protect rights of NA's to lands/beliefs etc..
- Successful in blocking the Bursum/ Leavitt Bills which posed a threat to the Pueblos
21 of 58
1924
Indian Citizenship Act
-Government's drive towards assimilation
By 1924, 2/3 of the Indian population already had the right to vote via the Dawes Act
-Government's drive towards assimilation
By 1924, 2/3 of the Indian population already had the right to vote via the Dawes Act
22 of 58
1928
Merriam Report
Public awareness of NA treatment at the forefront, condemning the governments allotment policy -> didn't condemn assimilation
Public awareness of NA treatment at the forefront, condemning the governments allotment policy -> didn't condemn assimilation
23 of 58
1929
Charles Rhoads is appointed Indian Commissioner by President Hoover
- Adapted reforms e.g. closure of unpopular boarding schools/ increased federal funding
These were halted by Great Depression
- Adapted reforms e.g. closure of unpopular boarding schools/ increased federal funding
These were halted by Great Depression
24 of 58
1934
Wheeler Howard Act
Overturned an 1883 law which banned ceremonial dances / Act gave a degree of self-determination to tribal councils over how reservations should be run
Overturned an 1883 law which banned ceremonial dances / Act gave a degree of self-determination to tribal councils over how reservations should be run
25 of 58
1941-45
World War Two
100,000 Indians left their reservations during WWII ( 75,000 relocated to work in the defence industry ; 25,000 served in armed forces)
100,000 Indians left their reservations during WWII ( 75,000 relocated to work in the defence industry ; 25,000 served in armed forces)
26 of 58
1944
National Congress of American Indians founded
Worked through courts to campaign against e.g. discrimination or the breaking of treaties
Worked through courts to campaign against e.g. discrimination or the breaking of treaties
27 of 58
1946
Indian Claims Commission is founded
Set up to return lost lands through the breaking of treaties - although did not do this. Financial compensation offered - lasted for 5 years / 370 claims
Set up to return lost lands through the breaking of treaties - although did not do this. Financial compensation offered - lasted for 5 years / 370 claims
28 of 58
1948
Harrison v. Laveen
SC ruled in favour of NA's, showing some positive change on a federal level from 1902
-> many states still refused NA's from voting
SC ruled in favour of NA's, showing some positive change on a federal level from 1902
-> many states still refused NA's from voting
29 of 58
1948 BIA
The Bureau of Indian Affairs sets up job placements in Denver and Los Angeles
30 of 58
1953
Termination policy is adopted
- Indians were no longer considered 'wards of the nation'
- Native American tribes no longer recognised
- Indians were no longer considered 'wards of the nation'
- Native American tribes no longer recognised
31 of 58
1956
Indian Vocational Training Act
Encouraging Indians to leave reservations/ traditional lands and to assimilate into urban areas
Encouraging Indians to leave reservations/ traditional lands and to assimilate into urban areas
32 of 58
1960s
Emergence of 'Red Power' and native sovereignty
33 of 58
1960s
President Kennedy vouches to improve resources on reservations
34 of 58
1961
National Indian Youth Council founded
Developed into taking on lawsuits to protect treaty rights, voting rights and religious freedom
Developed into taking on lawsuits to protect treaty rights, voting rights and religious freedom
35 of 58
1968
President Johnson's 'Forgotten Americans' speech
36 of 58
1968
Indian Civil Rights Act
37 of 58
1968
Affirmative Action begins
38 of 58
1969
Nixon appoints Louis R Bruce Jnr as Commissioner for Indian Affairs and pledges to return back lost land to Indians
39 of 58
1969-71
Siege of Alcatraz - island of San Francisco - 10,000 NAs
Accelerated militant action to assert their claims to Indian land
Accelerated militant action to assert their claims to Indian land
40 of 58
1970
President Nixon's speech condemns the treatment of Native Americans by Congress
41 of 58
1970
Creation of the Native American Rights Fund
42 of 58
1971
Occupation of Mount Rushmore
- An attempt to reassert the disputed ownership of these sacred burial ground of the Lakota Sioux Indians
- An attempt to reassert the disputed ownership of these sacred burial ground of the Lakota Sioux Indians
43 of 58
1972
Native Americans are given preference in employment in the BIA
44 of 58
1972
Indian Education Act
45 of 58
1972
AIM's takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
- Purpose to raise awareness of the plight of NA's as a result pf their unjust treatment since the middle of 19th Century
- Purpose to raise awareness of the plight of NA's as a result pf their unjust treatment since the middle of 19th Century
46 of 58
1973
Occupation of the Wounded Knee
Site of the 1890 massacre - 300 Oglala Sioux declared it liberated territory.
Full media coverage across of US and the World
Site of the 1890 massacre - 300 Oglala Sioux declared it liberated territory.
Full media coverage across of US and the World
47 of 58
1975
Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEA)
48 of 58
1975
American Indian Policy Review Commission is founded
49 of 58
1974
Oneida vs. Oneida and Madison Counties, New York
- Court ruled in favour of the Oneida tribe, resulting in the return of their lands
- Court ruled in favour of the Oneida tribe, resulting in the return of their lands
50 of 58
1976
Fischer vs. Montana
Decision decided that the Tribal Court of the Northern Cheyenne was to have jurisdiction over the adoption proceedings on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
Decision decided that the Tribal Court of the Northern Cheyenne was to have jurisdiction over the adoption proceedings on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
51 of 58
1978
Native American Religious Freedom Act
52 of 58
1978
Indian Child Welfare Act
53 of 58
1980s
President Reagan prevails with his 'native capitalism' attitude
54 of 58
1980
United States vs. The Sioux Nation
Supreme Court agreed with the decision to award interest to the Sioux for their lost land -> although they declined to accept this money
Supreme Court agreed with the decision to award interest to the Sioux for their lost land -> although they declined to accept this money
55 of 58
1982
Seminole Tribe vs. Butterworth
Supreme Court agreed with the tribe and gave them the right to establish a gambling enterprise in their land - NAs now had their own rights to their own land
Supreme Court agreed with the tribe and gave them the right to establish a gambling enterprise in their land - NAs now had their own rights to their own land
56 of 58
1986
Charrier vs. Bell
Supreme Court ruled that remains dug from burial ground belonged to the Native Americans
Supreme Court ruled that remains dug from burial ground belonged to the Native Americans
57 of 58
1990
Native Americans Grave Protection Act
58 of 58
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Homesteads Act
- Brought White people onto the plains - 160 acres of land offered free for 5 years
By 1865, 20,000 had settled onto Plains
- Brought White people onto the plains - 160 acres of land offered free for 5 years
By 1865, 20,000 had settled onto Plains
Back
1862
Card 3
Front
The Plains Wars
- With a few notable exceptions, the US Army beat the Native Americans in these wars
- With a few notable exceptions, the US Army beat the Native Americans in these wars
Back
Card 4
Front
Sand Creek Massacre
- An attack by US Cavalry on an undefended Cheyenne Camp
- Men, women, children and the elderly were killed
- An attack by US Cavalry on an undefended Cheyenne Camp
- Men, women, children and the elderly were killed
Back
Card 5
Front
Union Pacific Railway
- Railroads built across the American continent, linking the Atlantic in the West with the Pacific in the East
- Cut through sacred NA land, wiped out buffalos
- Railroads built across the American continent, linking the Atlantic in the West with the Pacific in the East
- Cut through sacred NA land, wiped out buffalos
Back
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