musuloskeletal system

what is the muscoskeltal system

bones of the skeleton and the joints and the muscles

1 of 93

the skelteon provides (3)

structure, protection, manufactures blood cells

2 of 93

what is the structure like

light but strong, 206 boines and forms our shape

3 of 93

axial skeleton includes

skull, sterum, ribs and vertebral column

4 of 93

appendiular skelton includes

shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

5 of 93

what is the function of bones

body structure, attachment to mucles and tendons, protecyts organs, mineral storage

6 of 93

bone building happens when

throughout life

7 of 93

bone cells are made up of what elements

calcium, phophorus, sodium and collagen

8 of 93

made up of 65%

calium salts causing hardness

9 of 93

35% iis what

osteiod (collagen fibres) = strong and slightly flexible

10 of 93

what are the 3 types of bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

11 of 93

osteoblasts do what

are bone building cleel and deposit salts and osteoid in bone tissue

12 of 93

presents at site where

bone is growing, repairing or remodelling

13 of 93

the osteoblasts differentiate into

osteocytes as they become trapped in pockets of growing b one called lacunae

14 of 93

osteocytes are what type of bone cell

mature bone cell and don't divide

15 of 93

they also maintain and monitor abd are n ourished by

bone tissue and tissue fuild in canaliculi

16 of 93

osteoclasts

bone reabsorbing cells that break done bone, and release calcium and phosphate

17 of 93

compact (cortical) bone characterised by

soildm hard, strong outer part and makes up 80% OF BODY BONE MASS

18 of 93

made up of

parallel tubes called osteons surrounding a central canal

19 of 93

what does the central canal contains

nerves, lymphatic blood vessels

20 of 93

each canal is connected to... by what.. called...

to neighbouring canals, connected at 90* called perforating canals

21 of 93

spongy (cancellous and trabecular) bone is characteristed by

spongy mesh like network. red bone marrow, where RBC are produced and yellow bone marrow

22 of 93

what supports bone

ligaments and carticlage

23 of 93

ligaments

tough and fibrous join bones together

24 of 93

cartilage

flexible and rubbery, is protection from bones rubbing together

25 of 93

what are the 5 tyoes of bone

flat (sternum) shprt (carpels) long (fermur) irregular(vertebrea) or sesmoid (patella)

26 of 93

charateristic of the long bone

shaft and 2 extremtie

27 of 93

short irregular flat and sesmoid

no shart or extremities are diverse in shape

28 of 93

what is the periosteum in context of a bone

the vasular membrane of the bone (covers entire bone apart from cartilage)

29 of 93

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum

outer - tough and fibrous inner- contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

30 of 93

nerve supple to the shaft

one or more nutrient arteries supply

31 of 93

epiphysis nerve supple

one blood supple however mature bone capillary networkls connect them

32 of 93

the sensory nerve enters the bone

with the nutrient artery and branches extensitively hence why injuries to the bone are painful

33 of 93

short irregualr flat and sesmoid bones are made up of

compact bone, spongy bone and periosteum

34 of 93

the outer layer of compact bone is

relatively thin

35 of 93

enclosed by

periosteum, exept cranial bones which is duramater

36 of 93

development of bones is called

ossification ot osteigenesis

37 of 93

what does long short and irregular bones develop from

rods of cartilage (cartilage models)

38 of 93

what does flat bones develop from

membrane models

39 of 93

what does sesmoid bones develop from

tendon models

40 of 93

osteoblasts secrete what

osteoid gradually replacing the inital carilage model

41 of 93

osteoblasts lay down

ca and k salts through osteoid

42 of 93

gradually this califys and is converted to

hard rigid mature bones

43 of 93

as the bone grows, osteoblasts are

trapped in the matrix of their own making, and bcome osteocytes

44 of 93

what is a joint

where 2 bones meet

45 of 93

fibrous joints often (e.g)

permit no movement (between mandible and tooth

46 of 93

Cartilaginous joints are formed by

pad of tough fibrocartilage between bones and act as a shock absorber each cartilage of growth plate. often no movement

47 of 93

synovial joints

space or capsu;le between the articulating bones. mveable joints

48 of 93

what is the use of hyaline cartilage in the synovial joint

reduces friction

49 of 93

the capsule ligament

fibrous tissue hold the bones together, but is loose to allow movemnt

50 of 93

sysnovial membrane

membrane secretes synovial fluid

51 of 93

what is the synovial fluid

lubricate moving aprts, maintains joint stability, phagocytes remove waste and microbes, nourishes structures

52 of 93

movement of all joints depends on

tightness of ligament, how well bones fit and intracapsular structures

53 of 93

types of synovial joint

ball and socket, hinge, gliding, saddle, condyloid and pivot

54 of 93

ball and socket

allows huge range of movement e.g. hip and shoulder

55 of 93

hinge joint

movement is restricted to flexion and extension e.g knee

56 of 93

gliding joint

restricted movement e.g. between carpal bones

57 of 93

pivot joint

allow rotation of one bone or limb, e.g. te skull

58 of 93

condyloid jint

allows some movement of bone or limb, e.g. finger (flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction)

59 of 93

saddle joint

same as condyloid, but allows added movement of the thumb

60 of 93

muscle do what

move the body and are attached to bones by tendons, bones act as levers and joints provide flexible connections between bones

61 of 93

types of mucles

smooth, cardiac and skeletal

62 of 93

skeletal mucle characteristic

voluntary, striated and attached to bone, tires easily and gives body shape

63 of 93

muscle is made up of

fascicles which are made up of muscle fibres which are made up of myofibrils

64 of 93

what is the meuromuscualr junction

the synapse between the muscle to the nerve

65 of 93

the s=muscle cell contracts in reponse to

stimulation from a motor nerve fibre, which usually synapses with the muscle cells

66 of 93

what is the neaurotrasnmitter thich stimulates ell contraction

Ach or acetylcholine

67 of 93

smooth muscle characteristics

involuntary, non-striated, longer and slower contractions and don't ire easily

68 of 93

cardiac muscle

heart cambers are composed of muscle fibre, involuntary, rhythmic and powerful contractions

69 of 93

what part of the brain controls the muscle

by the motor cortex

70 of 93

what is osteoporosis

bone density reduces becuase deposition does not keep pace with resorption

71 of 93

as bone density decreases what increases

susceptibility to fractures increases

72 of 93

who are more likely to get this disease of the bone

women, due ro menopause causing lowered oestrogen

73 of 93

osteomyelitis is what

a bacterial infection o the bone following an open facture or surgery

74 of 93

if not treated it may become

chrobnic, with sinus formation draining ous to the skin, fever and pain

75 of 93

pagets disease is what

disorder of bone remoddelling due to abnormal activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

76 of 93

Rickets and osteomalacia is a

vit d deficiency or vit d metabolism defect

77 of 93

what other disease of the bone is there

tumours and development abnormlities

78 of 93

what is rhaumatoid arthritis

a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting maily peripheral synovial joints

79 of 93

osteoarthritis

degenerative non-inflammatory disease resulting in pain and restictive movement of affected joints, and the cartilage gradually becomes thinner

80 of 93

secondary osteoarthritis occurs when

the joint is alredy affected by abnormality or disease

81 of 93

differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - type od disease

OA - degenerative RA - inflammatory + autoimmune

82 of 93

differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - tissue affected

OA - articular cartilage RA- synovial membrane

83 of 93

differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - age of onset

OS - late middle age RA - any age

84 of 93

differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - JOINTS AFFECTED

Weight bearing e.g. hip or single joints RA - small e.g. hands and many joints

85 of 93

what is sprain and strain and dislocation

damage to the soft tissues tendons and ligments

86 of 93

if repair is incomplete there may be

loss of stability increasing risk of repeated injury

87 of 93

penetrating injurie e.g fracture, if healing is delayed then

that creates an infecction risk

88 of 93

chronic inflamation can lead to

permanent degenerative chsnges to the joint

89 of 93

gout is

the deoistiion of sodium urate crystals in joints and tendons causing inflammtion

90 of 93

disease of the muscle

mysthenia gravis - block of acetylcholine receptor = muscle weakness

91 of 93

mmuscle dystrophies

inherited disease that is progressive in degeneration

92 of 93

other muscle injury includes

repeated stress injury

93 of 93

Get Revising

musuloskeletal system

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Other resources:

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar Other resources: