Music

When was the baroque period?

1600 to 1750

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7 features of Baroque period?

simple, diatonic harmonies. Movements keep to same mood. Terraced dynamics. Ornamentation. contrapuntal writing. mostly strings. use of continuo (provides bass line with harmonic accompaniment, harpsichord and bass interment)

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Four composers in Baroque period?

Bach, Handel, Purcell and Vivaldi.

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When was Handel born?

1685, grew up in Germany.

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What is a oratorio?

large scale composition, for solo singers, choir and orchestra, based on biblical story.

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When was Messiah composed? Where is it traditionally heard?

1741 in london, concert halls and theatres

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What are the performing forces? (for the Messiah)

choir: soprano's, altos, tenors, basses. accompanied by strings and continuo. Orchestra often doubles the vocal lines.

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Describe the structure of messiah

starts with orchestral introduction - ritornello. (shortened versions of this music return later in the work in two different places). No set form to movement. Based on different combinations of the four motifs.

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What are the four motifs? who are they sung by?

'And the glory of the lord' altos in A major. 'shall be revealed' tenors, decending sequence and mellisma. 'and all flesh shall see it together' altos. 'for the mouth of the lord hath spoken it' tenors and basses, same pitch, uses longer notes, solem

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what does little 8 below treble clef mean?

music sounds an octave lower the written.

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Messiah points about rhythm, metre and tempo

3/4(three crotchet beats per bar) allegro, general pause, adagio to create drawn out ending. number of hemiolars (make feel in 2/4 rather then 3/4)

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points on tonality and harmony-messiah

a major. modulates to two related keys: dominant (E major) and supertonic (B major) ends with plagal cadence in A major. DIATONIC.

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points on texture?

alternates between homophonic and contrapuntal . some monophonic passages, imiation used. number of parts varies.

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what does homophonic and contrapuntal mean?

contrapuntal = two or more meldoic lines played together. homophonic =one part has melody and other parts accompany

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How long did the classical period last?

1750 to 1825.

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Key features of classical period

balanced and clear cut phrases which form questions and answers. more contrasts within movement (in texture or instrumentation). changes in dynamic not as sudden - more crescendos and diminuendos. more simple textures. piano, range of wind instrument

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three composers in classical periods

Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.

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what do the performance markings : div, 1, a 2, sf and tr mean?

div=players divide into two groups. 1=a single person plays this part. a 2=both players play this part. sf= accent. tr= trill.

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what is sonata form? what key in mozrts symphony no. 40 in?

exposition, development, recapitulation. G minor.

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describe mozarts exposition

first subject: g minor, played by strings at first, a meloday that is charcterised by a falling motif. second subject: a melody with descending chromatic patterns, shared between woodwind and strings, Bb major.

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describe mozarts development

based on first subject which is developed and fragmented, moves through various keys, starts in Fsharp minor

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describe mozarts recapitulation

first subject: first subject repeated with some variation, g minor. second subject reapeated with some variation, g minor. coda, repeated perfect cadenced in g minor finish the piece.

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describe mozart melody

made up of balanced, four, or eight bar phrases that sound like questions and answers. scalic - based on scales.

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Describe Mozarts Harmony

diatonic and functional, based around standard major and minor triads. Chromatic chords (such as diminished 7th and augmented 6th). circle of 5th progression (2nd subject). pedal notes -cellos have before second subject starts.

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Points on Mozarts rhythm, metre and tempo.

4/4. Moto Allegro, short and rhythmic ideas repeated to create unity, fairly simple rhythms. some dotted rhythms and syncopation.

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describe Mozarts texture.

mostly homophonic. counterpoint and imitation in the development. octave doubling, which are very frequently used. dialogue between the woodwind and strings at start of second subject.

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describe Mozarts dynamics.

exposition: first subject is quite, transition is loud, second subject begins quite gets louder. development: loud section in middle, but starts and ends quietly. recapitulation: similar to dynamics. Only few cresendos no diminuendos.

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describe the instruments in Mozart.1

chamber orchestra made up of strings, woodwind and horns. strings play melody, quick running scales, sustained notes and forceful chords. woodwind dont play as much, have more sustained notes and fewer quick runs than the strings.

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describe instruments in mozart 2.

woodwind share start of second subject with strings. 2 horns are different keys, (one in G and the other in Bb) which maximises the number of notes they can play between them, play held or repeated notes to sustain harmonies.

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When was the romantic period?

1825 to 1900, focuses on conveying emotions, telling stories and painting musical pictures.

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Key features of romantic period.

expressive and emotional. rich and schromatic harmonies, greater use of dissonance and modulation to more remote keys. technical advances, leads to larger orchestras and the rise of virtuoso. structures and forms become longer. descriptive titles.

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four composers from romantic period?

Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schumann and chopin who is Polish.

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why is chopins piece called raindrop? where does it come from?

because of the repeated quavers that can be heard throughout (sound like raindrops falling steadily). comes from collection of preludes op28 composed in 1839. 24 preludes, one of each in 12 major and 12 minor scales.

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where are you most likely to hear Chopins raindrop?

performed in small spaces, eg home, recital room or small concert hall.

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structure of raindrop? 1

tenary form (ABA). A: Db major, lyrical melody, accompanied by quavers in bass, also has it's own ABA structure. B: C sharp minor, melody now in bass and quavers heard above it. music moved from major to minor and builds to ff climaxes.

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structure of raindrop? 2

last A: Db major, return to opening melody. repeated section of A is shorter with brief coda.

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what do the performance markings: phrase marks, per., *, sotto voice, smorzando, slentando/ritenuto, x mean?

phrase marks: indicates phrases that should be played legato. ped:press down sustaining pedal. *:release sustaining pedal. sot to voce: play quietly (musical whisper). smozando: dying away. x: double sharp, raise note 2 semitones.

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describe rhythm metre and tempo about raindrops

4/4 or C. in bar 79 there is a dectuplet repeated quavers, melody begins with dotted rhythm.

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In raindrop when is one unusual time signature featured?

the septuplet in bars 4 and 23: seven note of equal length played in a signal crotchet beat

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what does rubarto mean?

pianist play some notes longer then written and others shorter then written, creating a flexible tempo for expressive effect.

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what does sostenuto mean?

sustained notes legato, unhurried.

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describe the melody in chopin

prelude begins with lyrical melody. decorated with ornaments, such as acciaccatura and a turn. features dotted rhythms and some chromaticism. section B melody moves to bass. has narrower range, long notes. prelude made up of four and eight bar phrase

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describe tonality and harmony of chopin

Db major, uses mainly diatonic harmony occasional chromaticism. A and B end with imperfect cadences, prelude ends with perfect cadence. dominant pedal heard throughout most of piece.

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What does chopin modulate to?

from tonic major (Db major) in section A to the enharmonic tonic minor (C sharp minor) in section B. Returns to Db major for the repeat of section A.

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describe texture of chopin

homophonic.

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describe texture of section A in chopin

melody in right hand, supported by broken chords in the left hand.

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describe texture of section B which is more chordal then section A chopin

melody passes into the left hand with repeated quavers (the dominant pedal) in the right hand the pedal is inverted (in the top part rather than the bass) for much of this section, and it is doubled in octaves each time the music builds to a climax.

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Describe the texture of the last section of chopin

back to opening texture. shot monophonic passage in coda.

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describe dynamics of chopin

many crescendos and diminuendos. wide range of dynamics no sudden contrasts. section A is quieter than section B, which climaxs to ff twice.

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describe the use of piano in chopin

most of prelude uses middle and lower ranges of piano. not virtuoso. legarto singing tone, wide dynamic range, creshendos and diminuendos, sustaining pedal used for resonance to help create legato melodies.

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At what type of event did chopin normally perfrom his music when he liven in paris?

salons

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when was expressionism?

early 20th century.

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What did Schoenberg found? who with?

the second Viennese school. berg and webern.

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Schoenberg was a pioneer of atonal music, what is atonal msic?

music thats not in any key.

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Peripetie is from five orcesteral pieces, when were they wrote and where were they performed?

1909, shocking at the time so difficult to find performers because of the experimental nature and they required large orchestras. first performance wad in 1912 at the proms in london.

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what does the title peripete mean and when was it written?

4th piece, 'a sudden reversal' refers to how the ideas from the start of the movement return in reverse order towards the end. 1922.

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describe instrumentation in peripete

at least 90 players, instrumentation changes rapidly throughout creating many contrasts in timbre. performers at the extremes of their range, unusual affect used.

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describe unusual instrumental effects used in peripete

cymbals are played with both a mallet and a cello bow, and at one point the double basses play a tremolo very close to the bridge that supports their strings.

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what are some unfamiliar instruments used in the orchestra?

piccolo=small flute (sounds octave higher then written in score_. Cor anglais= lower version of oboe. bass clarinet= large clarinet (sounds octave lower then standard clarinet) contrabasson= large bassoon (sounds octave lower then written in score)

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what is a tam tam?

large gong.

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What do the performance marking: H (upside down L) N (upside down L) a2 or a3. divisi, pizz, arco, bell up, 1 solo, tutti, +, and three lines mean?

stands for haupstimme - most important part, nebenstimme - second most important part, all 2 or all 3 instruments should play smae notes, players divide into groups, pizzicato pluck strings, bow strings, brass player points the bell on intrument up.

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1 solo, tutti, +, and three lines?

single person plays this line, everyone joins in again, hand stopped - horn player inserts hand further than usual into the bell, tremolo note rapidly repeated.

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Describe melody of peripite/

short fragmented motifs combined in different ways, melodies are disjunct (many large leaps) so sound angular, octave displacement, inversion, rhythmic augmentation.

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what is octave displacement?

unexpectedly moving idividual notes of the main melody into a different octave.

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what is inversion?

a melody which is turned upside down.

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what is rhythmic augmentation?

the notes become twice as long.

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rhythm meter and tempo of peripetie?

metre changes between 3/4, 2/4 and 4/4. very quick tempo, complex and varied rhythms, layering patterns on top of each other to create a complex contrapuntal texture.

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tonality and harmony of peripete?

atonal, uses lots of dissonant harmonies, chords and melodies are often built from hexachords. (group of six notes).

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describe texture and dynamics of peripetie.

contrapuntal texture, with monophonic and homophonic moments. complex textures built through imitation and inversion, e.g. final climax created with three cannons heard at same time, sudden changes of dynamics and extreme dynamic contrasts.

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describe structure of peripetie.

free rondo form, with five sections ABACA, FREE rondo because it's different to traditional type of rondo heard in classical period, when different sections were clearly contrasted.

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When was west side story composed?

1957

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describe instrumentation for 'Something's coming'

song for solo tenor, accompanied by woodwind, brass, percusiion and strings orchestra.

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Describe dynamics of somethings coming.

so that the band doesn't overpower the solo singer, the accompaniment uses: quite dynamics, soft timbers (muted trumpets and pizzicato strings) and has a homphonic texture.

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describe any word painting in somethings coming.

'the air is humming' the strings use harmonies and play tremolo.

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describe the structure and melody of somethings coming.

syllabic, based on three main themes: 1. quite syncopated opening theme. 2.loud strident theme 2/4. 3. lyrical, slow moving theme. first 3 ideas are alternated, repetitions not exact, varies themes by changing words or metre.

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describe rhythm, metre and tonality of somethings coming.

3/4 and 2/4. fast tempo and syncopation help maintain a feeling of excitement and anticipation. The accompaniment is largely made up of an on beat part with off beat chords, at the start these create cross rhythms.

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Describe tonality of somethings coming. 1

D major, two contrasting sections in C major. frequent use of sharpened forth and flatened 7th. sharpened 4th creates interval of tritone wth the key note, an interval that acts as a unifying feature throughout westside story.

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decribe tonality of somethings coming 2.

the tenors last note is a flattened seventh (C sharp against D major harmonies). this is unusual as the note is unresolved and the music fade out creating a sense of incomplition which fits with tony's sense of expectation.

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describe the use of harmony in somethings coming.

tonal and jazz influenced, frequent 7th chords and other added notes.

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describe texture of somethings coming

homophonic, three main ideas: 1. repeated riff that opens song. 2. short, mainly syncopated chords. 3. fast um cha accompaniment first heard at bar 32 for the long note on 'me'

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when did minimalism develop?

late 1960's as a reaction against the complexity of modernist music.

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features of minimalism.

repetition of simple ideas with small changes introduced gradually over time. melodies slowly built up through the use of note addition. layered textures. diatonic harmony. slow harmonic rhythm. little variety in instrumentation.

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3 minimalistic composers?

Philip Glass, Steve riech and John Adams.

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who wrote electric counterpoint? when wad the first performance of it?

Steve reich and Pat Metteny. gave first performance in 1987. in three movements fast slow fast movements. we are studying the third.

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describe instrumentation of third movement.

for live guitar, accompanied by 7 guitars and 2 bass guitars, that have been pre recorded. Live guitar is amplified to blend in well with backing tape.

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Describe structure of electric counterpoint. 1

three layers:1. syncopated quaver motif is introduced in the live guitar and top four guitar parts, one part at a time. 2.New syncopated quaver motif introduced in the bass guitars. 3.more sustained motif built around three chords, begins and is tran

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structure of electrocounterpoint 2

3.more sustained motif built around three chords, begins in the live guitar and is transfered to other parts. All three layers have been built up, layers 2 and 3 fade out together, leaving layer 1 to continue until it comes to rest on a held chord.

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describe melody of electric counterpoint.

made up of one bar motif thats repeated constantly to form an obstinate. introduced by live guitar and top four guitar parts at different times, creating a cannon. Note addition. resultant melody.

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what is note addition?

notes are gradually added to a part until all the notes in the melody are heard.

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what is resultant melody?

when the live guitar plays a melody that is made from selected individual notes from other guitar parts.

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Whats the texture of electric counterpoint?

contrapuntal texture

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metre, rhythm and tempo in electric counterpoint

3/2. tempo=192 (very fast). little rhythmic variety, most made up of repeating patterns of quavers. syncopation. metrical displacement. polymetre

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what is metric displacement?

guitars 1 and 4 play the same motif but start at different parts of the bar so they sound out of sync.

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what is polymetre?

different time signatures playing together e.g.towards end of piece some parts go into 12/8 while others continue n 3/2

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tonality of electric counterpoint?

mainly G major, some short sections in Eb major. DIATONIC. uses hexatonic scales.

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harmony of electric counterpoint.

conventional harmonic progress is not used. because the final chord is made up of only 2 notes E and B, because their is no cadence and it isn't a complete chord we cant be entirely sure the piec finishes on G major.

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describe dynamics in electric counterpoint

consistant dynamics. parts gradually fade out in a number of places.

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where and when did jazz originate?

southern states of America. early 20th century.

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what is bebop and modal jazz?

a fast and virtuosic type of jazz, with improvisation based on complex chord progressions. In chord progressions. In contrast, modal jazz was more laid back and uncomplicated, with improvisations based on modes.

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What does 'All blue come from and when was it release?

Kind of blue. 1959

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frontline section of miles davis' sextet?

frontline does main melody, and have solosMiles davis on trumpet. Julian cannonball adderley on alto saxophone. john coltrane on tenor saxophone.

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rhythm section of Miles Davis' sextet?

rhythm section provides harmonic and rhythmic backing-although piano has short solo. Bill evans on piano. paul chambers on bass. jimmy cobb on drums.

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the album had almost no rehearsal, and the musicians had no score. what infomation did miles davis give them?

overall structure, including who would solo and in which order. basic chord sequence. main melodic idea. which mode or scale to improvise on.

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structure of all blues? called HEAD ARRANGEMENT.

introduction - opening four bars, played by the rhythm section is followed by the riff. head 1, head melody followed by riff played twice. solos, trumpet alto sax tneor sex and piano each followed by riff. head 2 ". coda a solo for muted trumpet.

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melody of all blues?

simple, characterised by rising 6ths (the interval from D to B) followed by four improvised solos.

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What order are the improvised solos in?

trumpet, alto sax, tenor sax and piano solo.

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Describe the trumpet solo.

lasts for 4 choruses. Mostly made up of short, syncopated motifs.

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Describe alto sax solo

lasts for 4 choruses. uses quick notes and a wider range, more virtuosic.

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describe tenor sax solo.

last four choruses uses fast scales and quick runs, also very virtuosic.

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describe piano solo

lasts 2 choruses, calmer improvisation, with simple melody that leads into a string of parallel chords.

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all blues is bases on 12 bar blues sequence how does the 12 bar blues sequence go?

G7, G7, G7, G7, Gm7, Gm7, G7, G7, D7, Eb7/D7, F/G, F/G6.

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what is a chord sequence know as by jazz musicians?

the changes.

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what is a blue note? what key is all blues in?

G major but with a flattened 7th. a blue note is a note with a flatterend 7th.

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what mode is all blues in?

mixolydian mode, modal jazz

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rhythm metre and tempo of all blues?

6/4. tempo is a jazz waltz because each 6/4 bar sounda like a pair of bars in 3/4 time. performed with swing quavers. each pair of quavers is played with the first line a little longer then the second. frequent syncopation.

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intrumental techniques in all blues?

snare drum played with wire brushes at start, switches to sticks later on. bass plays pizzicato. trumpet played with harmen mute for head. piano plays tremolo at start, once solos begin pianist begins comping, accompaniing wth chords and melodic idea

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when did club dance music become popular?

1970's

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key features of club dance music?

4/4 steady tempo. prominant use of electronic sounds, strong beat emphasised by drum and bass, short phrases and repetitive, looped sections.

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when was moby born?

1965

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what does 'why does my hear feel so bad come from and when was it released?

play, 1999.

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describe the samples and melody in why does my heart feel so bad.

song is based on 2 samples taken from a recording made in 1953 of a gospel choir singing an american song called king jesus will roll all berdens away. they haev a vintage feel and are looped.

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structure of why does my heart feel so bad.

chorus verse structure. piano, voice, drums plus string synth counter melody, bass plu held string synth chords, syncopated piano chords introduced. All enter one at a time.

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apart from sections with just static chords for the accompaniment, describe texture of why does my heart feel so bad.

build up as individual tracks are introduced. after break down drums and piano drop out so texture becomes thinner. contrasts in texture are created by: varying instrumentation for each 8 bar section, the use of silence.

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decribe use of beats and drums in why does my heart feel so bad.

drum loop is made up of a breakbeat. bass drum plays on beats 1 and 3, while there are strong accents on the backbeats from the snare drum. repeated semiquavers played on shaker.

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describe rhythm, metre and tempo in why does my heart feel so bad.

4/4 98 bpm. syncopation, used in piano, vocal and sythesised string parts. rhythms are varied between sections to provide contrast.eg piano pattern changes at end of first verse (becomeing more syncopated) and static chords appear in the second choru

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what equptment does moby use?

synthesisers (to produce string, bass and piano sounds) sampler(used for the vocal samples) drum machine, sequencer (to trigger the sampler and synthesisers).

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what affects does moby apply to the music?

panning (creates sense of movement). electronic ghosting, reverb and delay, echoes produced with EQ to remove lower frequencies.

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describe harmony and tonality of why does my heart feel so bad.

diatonic, Am Em G D and C Am C Am and F C F C. Dorian mode on A and the choruses as being in C major.

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Capercallie is an example of celtic fusion, what does this mean?

come from wlaes, island or scotland. combined with elements of pop music.

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When did Capercallie get together?

1984 - they're british.

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what is walking?

pounding tweed cloth against wooden board. would take hours, so'd they sing waulking songs.

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what form were waulking songs normally in and why?

call and reponse, the call was sung by a solo sing and the response by everyone else.

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where is 'skye waulking song from' when was it released? where is the text from the song taken from?

Nadurra, 2000, a long lament called john son of the king of island.

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describe the layered texture which is created throughout the waulking song.

rhythmic pattern on drum kit, bass line played by bass guitar, chords on synthesiser and accordion, main melodies sung by voice, countermelodies on other melodic instruments.

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what are the three most unusual instruments in waulking song?

Wulitzer piano - a type of early electric piano. uilleann pipes - like teh bagpipes but with a softer tone, bouzouki - a type of lute that comes from greece.

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In the score of waulking song what do 'NC' and 'with modulation' mean?

NC= no chord, the accompaniment drops out. with modulation=modulation is applied to sythesiser chord, which makes the pitch fluctuate slightly. This chord that opens the song is a cluster chord.

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what is a cluster chord?

a chord whose notes are all next to each other.

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vocal line structure of skye waulking song?

alternates between 4 different phrases (each lasting one bar). phase 1 (galic starts on high D) refrain1: vocables start on mid D phrase2: galic starts on low D. refrain 2: vocables starts on a high E.

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over all structure of waulking song?

intro, instrumental section, after which voice enters with first line of text. verse 1: voice and accompaniment, verse2 voice and accompaniment - includes instrumental break. 4. coda:short vocal phrases each the end of refrain 1 (A fades out after)

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melody of waulking song?

pentatonic (based on 5 note scale), uses low register of voice. syllabic. instrumentalists play short motifs and countermelodies that are mostly based on the vocal phrases.

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rhythm and metre of waulking song?

12/8(compound quadruple metre) syncopation in vocal line and instrumental countermelodies, at start hi hat pattern creates cross rhythms. when full band enters, hi hat changes and more clearly emphasies 12/8

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describe harmony of waulking song

G major, diatonic, three main chords: G Em and C, modal feel because dominant chprd (G) is avoided

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key features of rag dish?

melodic line played on solo instrument, rhythmic pattern played on drums, drone played on stringed instrument

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what is rag associated with?

the late evening and monsoon season.

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what is the tap? whats the first beat of it called?

cycle of beats that is repeated and imporvised on during a performance. SAM, oftern stressed by musicians.

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general structure of rag? 1

alap:slow interductory section, notes introduced againt a drone, no regular pulse and no percussion. Gat: fixed improvised composition that is improvised on by the solo instrument, the percussion enters, clear pulse introduced.

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general structure of rag 2?

jhalla: fast section, music becomes more virtuosic and decorative.

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typical features of west african music?

repition to form ostinatos, improvisation, call and response, layered textures.

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Who is yiri performed by? how many is there of them? where are they from?

koko, burkina faso

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what does yiri mean? what does it refer to?

wood, all instrments aside bell are made from wood.

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what instruments are used in yiri?

balafon (wylophone) djembe drum, talking drum, played with hooked stick and can be used to imitate speech by creating different pitches and slides. members of koko also sing.

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structure of skye yiri?

intro (balafon solo using tremolo). main section (drums play obstinate, strong clear pulse, alternates between balafon solos and choruses, vocal solo in middle, call and responce between solo vocalist and choir.) Coda: balafon and bell.

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melody, harmony and tonality of yiri?

Gb major. hexatonic, balafons Gb and Db, and has virtuosic solos.

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rhythm meter and tempo of yiri?

4/4. free tempo after intro, otherwise steady pulse. syncopation is frequantly used. cross rhythms, triplets by vocalist solo. drums play rhythmic obstinate throughout=a quaver and two semiquavers played over and over again.

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texture and dynamics of yiri?

layered texture with monohonic in intro. heterophonic textures when 2 balafons play different versions of same tune at same time. little dynamic variation.

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