Music GCSE OCR AOS 2 AOS 3 AOS 4 AOS 5

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  • Created by: Zac102003
  • Created on: 30-11-18 13:31
What is a trill?
Two notes that are next to eachother alternate quickly
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What is a mordent?
One quick alternation of two notes that are next to eachother- mini trill.
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What is an acciaccatura?
A very short ornamental note played just before a main melodic note. Often called a grace note.
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What is a turn?
A musical ornament which moves quickly around the main note. C= C-D-C-B-C.
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What is a syncopation?
Off beat
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What are dotted rhythms?
Where the rhythms are uneven creating a 'long-short' feel.
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What are cross rhythms?
Where two or more contrasting rhythms are played at the same time.
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What are triplets?
Where a crotchet beat is split into three.
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What is an anacrusis?
Up Beat- when the melody occurs before the bar begins rather than at the start of the bar
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What is monophonic?
A single texture line- maybe an unaccompanied melody.
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What is unison?
Everyone plays the same part in a single line, however the music may be in octaves.
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What is homophonic?
All parts play different notes but in the same rhythm.
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What is polyphonic?
Different layers or melodies that weave in and out of one another. CONTRAPUNTAL.
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What is the continuo?
Left hand of the harpsichord along with the cello plays the bass line and the right hand of the harpsichord fills in the chordal harmony.
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What is the tutti?
This is when everyone in the orchestra plays.
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What is the ripieno?
The larger group of instruments in the concerto grosso that accompany the soloist.
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What is the concertino?
The smaller group in the concerto grosso- the soloist(s) and the continuo.
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What is the cadenza?
An unaccompanied passage for the soloist to 'show off'.
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What does virtuosic mean?
Technically difficult and impressive.
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What is ornamnetation?
Small musical accents that decorate a piece of music.
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What is the introduction and the coda?
introduction is the opening section and the coda is the ending section.
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BAROQUE 1600-1750
Small orchestras that performed in small venues such as a room or chamber at royal court or a church.
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BAROQUE Musical Features
Continuo, small, varied textures (melody and accompaniment, homophonic and polyphonic or contrapuntal(two lines of harmony)), quite a lot of ornamentation, balanced phrases, sudden changes in dynamics and diatonic harmony.
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BAROQUE Instruments
Violin, cello, recorder, flute, oboe, bassoon, trumpet, horn and piano.
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BAROQUE Composers
Vivaldi, Handel, Bach, Corelli, Telemann.
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The Concerto Grosso
ONLY BAROQUE. More than one soloist, most common are violin(s), cello, flute, and oboe. Harpsichord sometimes leaves the continuo and takes a solo along with the other instruments.
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The Solo Concerto
BAROQUE, ROMANTIC AND CLASSICAL One soloist. passages foe the tutti to play and passages for the soloist accompanied by just the continuo.
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CLASSICAL 1750-1825
ONLY SOLO CONCERTO. Invention of piano and clarinet.
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CLASSICAL Musical Features
Crescendos and diminuendos and a wider range of dynamics, larger orchestra, more woodwind and brass, significant use of primary harmony (I, IV, V), clear cadences, NO CONTINUO, cadenza, balanced phrases, diatonic harmony, melody+acc, ornamentation
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CLASSICAL Instruments
Violin, cello, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, horn and piano.
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CLASSICAL Composers
Haydn, Mozart and early Beethoven
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ROMANTIC 1825-1900
ONLY SOLO CONCERTO. BIGGER/BIGGEST ORCHESTRA Concertos became far more dramatic and emotional. More complex in every way.
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ROMANTIC Musical Features
The interaction between solo and orchestra was more complex + interesting, demand on solo instrument was far greater. Stronger tone quality, strings+ piano wider pitch and dynamic range, trumpets+horns= valves, extreme cont. between soloist+orchestra
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ROMANTIC Instruments
All from CLASSICAL period plus viola and trombone.
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ROMANTIC Composers
Late Betthoven, Brahms, Rachmaninov, Dvorak and Mendelssohn
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INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC
Often religious or ceremonial in nature. Performers play by ear and improvise together, responding and communicating with each other.
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INDIAN CLASSICAL Musical Features
TALA= a repeated rhythm pattern, which includes accents and silent beats. RAGA= a scale pattern which forms the basis for improvisation. ALAP= slow improvised intro, free rhythm, just melody and drone. GAT= when the tabla plays the tala- clear pulse
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INDIAN CLASSICAL Musical Features Cont.
JHALA= when the music builds in excitement and raga becomes more complex. DRONE= 2 notes a 5th apart that are sustained. PITCH BEND= give a microtonal effect. IMPROVISATION= improvised on a specific raga. CALL AND RESPONSE. ORNAMENTATION.
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INDIAN CLASSICAL Instruments
SITAR= a large stringed instrument which plays the raga, has sympathetic strings below the fingerboard which give a drone effect. TANPURA= a long-necked plucked instrument that gives a drone. SAROD= similar to SITAR but with deeper tone quality.
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INDIAN CLASSICAL Instruments Cont.
BANSURI= a flute type instrument. SARANGI= a violin type instrument.
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TRADITIONAL PUNJABI BHANGRA
CHAAL= The traditional Bhangra rhythm pattern. DHOL=double headed drum struck at each end to play the chat. Usually solo male voice with backing chorus- call and response. PUNJABI LANGUAGE. Sometimes backing singers shout "hoi!".
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TRADITIONAL PUNJABI BHNAGRA Cont.
HARMONIUM= a small reed organ used to play melodic ideas (improvise). Use of traditional Indian instruments. ORNAMENTATION= vocals often have slides and microtonal intervals.
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TRADITIONAL GREEK MUSIC
IRREGULAR METRES (5/8, 7/8, 8,8 with a grouping of 3-3-2). SIMPLE TIME SIGNATURES are used with empathise on the off-beat= SYNCOPATED. REPETITION. PARALLEL MELODIES= melodies in thirds. STEPWISE/CONJUNCT. CLEAR PHRASING= often verse/chorus structure
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TRADITIONAL GREEK MUSIC cont.
Often a solo voice for the verse and a group of voices for the chorus. ORNAMENTATION= slides + tremolos. TONIC/DOMINANT BASS NOTES. BOUZOUKI, VIOLIN, FLUTE, GUITAR AND PERCUSSION (e.g tambourine/defi)
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TRAF|DITIONAL PALESTINIAN MUSIC
Irregular metres. MAQSUM and SAIDI are the repeated rhythms. Modal and microtonal ideas. Improvisation. Ornaments. Drones. Stepwise. Long phrases. OUD, DOUMBEK, ZITHER, VIOLIN-TYPE and FLUTE-TYPE
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TRADITIONAL ISRAELI MUSIC
IRREGULAR RHYTHMS AND METRES= like on previous card. SYNCOPATION AND STRONG OFF-BEATS. MODAL AND MICROTONAL MELODIC IDEAS. STEPWISE. CLEAR PHRASING + STRUCTURE. MINOR KEYS. OUD, GUITAR, DARBUKA (goblet shaped hand drum), TAMBOURINE, HARP/IYRE,
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TRADITIONAL ISRAELI MUSIC cont.
ACCORDIAN, HORN, VIOLIN-TYPE FLUTE-TYPE AND OBOE-TYPE INSTRUMENTS
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AFRICA- TRADITIONAL AFRICAN DRUMMING
STRONG STEADY PULSE, OSTINATO, POLYRHYTHM (two or more different rhythmic patters at same time), SYNCOPATION AND OFF BEAT ACCENTS, CROSS RHYTHM, TRIPLET RHYTHMS, DJEMBES, TALKING DRUMS, AGOGO BELLS, SHAKERE, MARIMBA AND MBIRA
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CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA- CALYPSO
BANJO, GUITAR, MOUTH ORGAN, BONGOS, CONGAS, CLAVES AND MARACAS. REGULAR 4/4 METRE. SYNCOPATIONS. SOMETIMES POLYRHYTMS OR CROSS-RHYTHMS. MAJOR KEY. MELODY AND ACCOMPANIMENT (CHORDAL). REPETITION. STEPWISE WITH SOME CHROMATIC NOTES. ORNAMENTED.
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CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA- CALYPSO cont.
VERSE/CHORUS STRUCTURE. TONIC/DOMINANT BASS NOTES. OSTINATO PATTERNS IN THE ACCOMPANIMENT.
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TRADITIONAL SAMBA
Group of players (bateria) usually have a leader who plays the REPINIQUE to: set the tempo/pulse; give variety to volume, timbre and texture; to indicate a new rhythm pattern or a new section of music (usually by hand signals or whistle).
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TRADITIONAL SAMBA Cont.
INSTRUMENTS= REPINIQUE, SURDOS, TAMBORIMS, SNARE DRUMS, AGOGO BELLS, SHAKERS (GANZAS OR ROCARS) AND CLAVES. 2/4 OR 4/4 METRE. REPEATED RHYTHMS. SYNCOPATION. BATACUDA= fast and repetitive. POLY AND CROSS RHYTHMS. CALL AND RESPONSE. SUDDEN STOPS
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FILM MUSIC- COMPOSERS
COMPOSERS= FILM= John Williams, Hans Zimmer, Bernard Hermann. VIDEO GAME= Koji Hondo. Harry Gregson-Williams and Martin O'Donnell
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FILM MUSIC- CREATION OF A SOUNDTRACK
Filming comes first then the film is edited. The music is often the last part of the film to be completed. Composer will discuss ideas with the director. Might start with specific characters and/or places. Specific places/characters= have a leitmotif
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FILM MUSIC- CREATION OF A SOUNDTRACK cont.
Once exact lengths for the scene are known, the composer can compose the music to the correct length and be able to emphasise important features on screen. Alongside a click track= exact tempo.
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FILM MUSIC- USE OF TECHNOLOGY
Most soundtracks are now made using computer- using sequencing and editing. Synthesisers. Synthesised sounds. Sound effects. Sampled sounds. Reverb
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FILM MUSIC- MUSICAL FEATURES
BATTLE = loud + fast with predominantly brass and percussion. COUNTRYSIDE with a gentle stream= strings with high woodwind. Quite soft and slow to moderate in tempo. MAGICAL + MYSTERIOUS= tremolo strings, free tempo and melody slow+ delicate
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CONVENTIONS OF POP- ROCK 'n' ROLL 1950s + 60s
Fast tempo, major key, 4/4 time signature, lively swung rhythms, 12 bar blues, verse-chorus (into, solo verse- high male untrained voice-, chorus, instrumental), loud volume (louder choruses), often repeated patterns, small group acoustic instruments
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CONVENTIONS OF POP- ROCK 'n' ROLL 1950s + 60s cont.
Call and response between vocals and accompaniment, fast moving bass lines (walking bass played by bass guitar and boogie-woogie played by piano)
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ROCK 'n' ROLL 1950s ARTISTS
Elvis Presley, Fats Domino, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Bill Haley & The Comets, Ray Charles
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ROCK 'n' ROLL 1960s ARTISTS
Elvis Presley, James Brown, The Beach Boys, The Rolling Stones, The Temptations, Otis Redding
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CONVENTIONS OF POP- ROCK ANTHEMS 1970s + 80s
Electronic instruments + amplification. Effects= distortion, overdrive, wah-wah, echo and reverb, 4/4, long intro, lyrical, repeated patterns, high strong male voice with vibrato, Strong back-beat (snare on beats 2 + 4), verse-chorus, memorable choru
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ROCK ANTHEMS 1970s ARTISTS
Rolling Stones, The Who, QUEEN, David Bowie, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin
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ROCK ANTHEMS 1980s ARTISTS
AC/DC, Prince, Michael Jackson, Europe, Survivor, Bon Jovi, Aerosmith, The Rolling Stones, Toto, Queen
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CONVENTIONS OF POP- POP BALLADS 1970s, 80s and 90s
Generally romantic or sentimental that tell a 'story'. Simple acoustic guitar or Iano accompaniment, synthesiser or saxophones, slow. clear lyrics, verse-chorus, vocals= warm tonality, clear, vibrato, glissando, melisma. Building volume
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POP BALLADS 1970s- ARTISTS
Elton John, Bonnie Tyler, Queen, Meat Loaf, David Bowie
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POP BALLADS 1980s- ARTISTS
Madonna, Celine Dion, Diana Ross, Queen, Bee Gees and The Beach Boys
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POP BALLADS 1990s- ARTISTS
Take That, Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Madonna, Beyonce, George Michael and Westlife
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CONVENTIONS OF POP- SOLO ARTISTS FROM 1990S - PRESENT DAY
Electronic instruments (synthesisers), amplification, effects added to guitar (distortion, reverb and panning),effects added to voice (echo, reverb, filter and panning), recording techniques (multi-tracking, overdubbing, sampling + looping)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

One quick alternation of two notes that are next to eachother- mini trill.

Back

What is a mordent?

Card 3

Front

A very short ornamental note played just before a main melodic note. Often called a grace note.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A musical ornament which moves quickly around the main note. C= C-D-C-B-C.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Off beat

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

EyeOfTheTiger123

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A "triplet" is actually three notes played at the same time, it's a type of chord.

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