Muscular system

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  • Created by: katewells
  • Created on: 25-03-17 15:57
What is a Tendon?
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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What is the origin?
Point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays fixed during muscular contraction
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What is the insertion?
Point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction
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What is an agonist?
Muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint
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What is an antagonist?
Muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement
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What is a fixator?
Muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another moves
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What is an antagonistic muscle contraction?
Paire muscle action, as agonist shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
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What is isotonic contraction?
Changes length during contraction
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What 2 ways can isotonic contraction occur?
Concentric, eccentric
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What is concentric contraction?
Shortens while producing tension, pulls 2 bones closer together
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What is eccentric contraction?
Lengthens while producing tension, resists forces to control joint movement
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What is isometric contraction?
Stays the same length while producing tension
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Articulating bones at the ankle joint?
Tibia, Fibula, Talus
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Agonist muscle causing dorsi-flexion at the ankle joint?
Tibial anterior
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Agonist muscles causing plantar-flexion at the ankle joint?
Gastrocneimius, soleus
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Articulating bones at the knee joint?
Femur, Tibia
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Agonist muscles causing flexion at the knee joint?
Bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
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Agonist muscles causing extension at the knee joint?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
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Articulating bones at the hip joint?
Pelvic girdle, Femur
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Agonist muscle causing flexion at the hip joint?
Iliopsoas
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Agonist muscle causing extension at the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus
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Agonist muscles causing adduction at the hip joint?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
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Agonist muscles causing abduction at the hip joint?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
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Agonist muscle causing medial rotation at the hip joint?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
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Agonist muscle causing lateral rotation at the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus
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Articulating bones at the shoulder joint?
Humerus, scapula
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Agonist muscle causing flexion at the shoulder joint?
Anterior deltoid
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Agonist muscle causing extension at the shoulder joint?
Posterior deltoid
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Agonist muscle causing adduction at the shoulder joint?
Latisssimus dorsi
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Agonist muscle causing abduction at the shoulder joint?
Middle deltoid
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Agonist muscle causing horizontal flexion at the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis major
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Agonist muscles causing horizontal extension at the shoulder joint?
Posterior deltoid, Terese minor
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Agonist muscles causing medial rotation at the shoulder joint?
Teres major, subscapularis
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Agonist muscles causing lateral rotation at the shoulder joint?
Teres minor, infraspinatous
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Articulating bones at the elbow joint?
Humerus, radius, ulna
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Agonist muscle causing flexion at the elbow joint?
Biceps brachii
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Agonist muscle causing extension at the elbow joint?
Tricep brachii
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Articulating bones at the wrist joint?
Radius, ulna, carpals
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Agonist muscle causing flexion at the wrist joint?
Wrist flexors
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Agonist muscle causing extension at the wrist joints?
Wrist extensors
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What causes a skeletal muscle to contract?
Electrical impulse
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Where are electrical impulses sent from?
Central nervous system
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What are motor neurons?
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
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Where are motor neurons found?
Cell body's in brain and spinal cord with extending axon which branches to connect motor end plates to a group of muscle fibres
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What is the motor unit?
Motor neuron and muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
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What process is sending a nerve impulse to muscle fibres?
Electrochemical
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What does the electrochemical process rely on?
Action potential
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What is action potential?
Postive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into muscle fibre
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What is the name of the point where the axon's motor end plates meet the muscle fibre?
Neuromuscular junction
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What is the synaptic cleft?
Small gap between the nerve end plates and muscle fibre
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What is a neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine produced and secreted by a neutron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre
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What is the all-or-none law?
Depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction
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How is muscle action potential created?
If electrical charge is above a threshold
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What happens when the action potential reaches the threshold?
All muscle fibres within the motor unit will contract at the same time with maximum force
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What are the 3 muscle fibre types?
Slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic
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What are slow oxidative muscle fibres?
Type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces small amount of force over a long period of time
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What are fast glycolytic oxidative fibres?
Type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces maximal force over a small period of time
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What is phosphocreatine?
High-energy compound stored in muscle cell used for fuel for very high-intensity energy production
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What is mitochondria?
Structure of sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production
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What is myoglobin?
Protein in muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to mitochondria
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Neuron size of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
Small, large, large
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Fibres per neuron of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
Few, many, many
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Capillary density of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
High, high, low
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Mitochondria density of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
High, moderate, low
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Myoglobin content of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
High, moderate, low
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Phosphocreatine store of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
Low, high, high
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Speed of contraction of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
Slow, fast, fast
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Force of contraction of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
Low, high, high
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Fatigue resistance of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
High, moderate, low
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Aerobic capacity of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
High, moderate, low
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Anaerobic capacity of slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic?
Low, moderate, high
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What is the work:relief ration?
Volume of relief in relation to volume of work performed
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What do slow oxidative muscle fibres provide energy for?
Sub-maximal aerobic work
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How do slow oxidative muscle fibres achieve a low force of contraction?
Contract intermittently
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Work:relief raition of slow oxidative?
1:1 or 1:0.5
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When are fast glycolytic muscle fibres recruited during exercise?
During last 2-20 seconds
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Work:relief ratio of fast glycolytic fibres?
1.3+
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the origin?

Back

Point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays fixed during muscular contraction

Card 3

Front

What is the insertion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is an agonist?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is an antagonist?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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