Muscular System

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Name the three types of muscle and state if they are voluntary or involuntray
cardia (involuntary), smooth (involuntary), seletal (voluntary)
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Where is the cardiac muscle found?
heart
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Where are the smooth muscles found?
digestive system & blood vessels
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Where are the skeletal muscles found?
muscles that attach to the bones (e.g. tricep and bicep)
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What is the role of the cardiac muscle?
bump blood around the body
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What is the role of the smooth muscle?
regulate digestion & blood pressure
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What is the role of the skeletal muscle?
allow leverage and movement
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Name the muscles in the lower body
hamstring, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, gluteals, hip flexors
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Name the muscles in the upper body
tricep, bicep, deltoids, pectorals, wrist flexors/extensors, supinators/pronators
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What is the origin?
the end of the muscle that remains still
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What is the insertion?
the end of the muscle that moves
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What is the agonist?
muscle that contracts & shortens
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What is the antagonist?
muscle that relaxes & lengthens (when the agonist contracts)
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What is the fixator?
muscle that stops unwanted movement & stabilises at the origin
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What is the synergist?
muscle that assist the agonist & controls movement
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How do antagonistic pairs work?
the antagonistic muscles relaxes & lengthens whilst the agonist contracts & shortens. the fixator muscle stops unwanted movement by stabilising the joint involved. the synergist muscles work together to enable the agonist to operate more effectively
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What is an isotonic contraction?
an isotonic contraction is with movement and the muscle changes in length
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What is concentric (isotonic)?
muscles shortens and contracts
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What is eccentric (isotonic)?
muscles lengthens and contracts - this occurs when the muscle returns to its normal length
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What is an isometric contraction?
it is without movement, there is no change in muscle length & it causes muscles to fatigue quickly
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Explain the type I muscle fibre and give an example
it is a slow twitch fibre, resistant to fatigue, red, contracts slowly with less force, aerobic (example, marathon runner)
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Explain the type IIa muscle fibre and give an example
fast oxidative twitch fibre, fast contraction speed, slightly resistant to fatigue, less reliant on oxygen, red (example, 400m sprint)
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Explain the type IIx muscle fibre and give an example
fast glycotic fivre, most prone to fatigue, few mitochondria, anaerobic, white, rapid contraction (example, 100m sprint
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What is the 'all or non law'?
once the motor neurone is activated, all the muscle fibre within the motor unit will contract and produce a muscle twitch. this is known as the all or non law, as muscle fibers either respond completely (all) or not at all (none)
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What are the short term responses to exercise?
lactate build up, increased blood supply, increased muscle temp, increased muscle pliability, microtears, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
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What are the long term responses to exercise?
hypertropgy, increased tendon strength, increased number + size of mitochondria, increased myoglobin stores, increased storage of glycogen & fat, increased tolerance to lactate
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What are microtears?
by lifting weight, we are causing tiny tears (microtears) in the muscle fibers our body repairs these by making them stronger than before. proteins are used to repair the tissue. they causes swelling which causes pressure on the nerve endings = pain
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What is hypertrophy?
an increase of muscle strength and size due to regular training. due to muscle fibre tears they repair and become bigger so they contract with greater force.
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How does age affect the muscular system?
muscle mass decreases when we age, muscle mass loss begins around the age of 50 this is referred to as 'sarcopenia'. muscles become smaller resulting in a decrease strength and power
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How does cramp affect the muscular system?
cramp is the involuntary contraction of our muscles - last from 10 seconds to 10 mins. common cause is dehydration which results in low supply of blood to the muscles, reducing oxygen supply & essential mineral supply. stretching can help cramp
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where is the cardiac muscle found?

Back

heart

Card 3

Front

Where are the smooth muscles found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where are the skeletal muscles found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the role of the cardiac muscle?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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