Muscle tissue IV - Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

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  • Created by: yasminw24
  • Created on: 06-01-18 13:56
What tissue is the Pericardium composed of and what is the function?
Serous membrane made of epithelial tissue. It is a thick, double layer that protects the heart
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What tissue composes the Tricuspid valve and what is the function?
Open passively in response to pressure of connective tissue
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What tissue composes the capillaries and what is the function?
Endothelium - allows exchange across it
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What tissue composes the Purkinje fibres and what is the function?
Specialised type of fibres within the muscles within the heart and conduct signals
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What tissue composes the tunica externa/adventitia and what is the function?
Of connective tissue to hold everything in place & allows nutrients to pass through and allows
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What is the name of the disease of the heart?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) - refers to any disease of heart and arterial system
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What examples are there of cardiovascular diseases?
Aneurysm, Atherosclerosis, Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke), Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
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What is Atherosclerosis?
It is the leading cause of death in the developing world. Chronic inflammatory disease in the walls of large & medium sized arteries. Hardening to the arties. Is an inflammatory disease - involves accumulation of macrophages (white blood cells) in ve
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How does Atherosclerosis begin?
Endothelial cells undergo inflammation and are more adhesive. Monocytes (WBC) the adhere to endothelial cells & squeeze between them to penetrate wall. Once inside matrue . BEcome foam cells
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Why do we need cholestrol?
It is a lipid (fat) which is essential for the body to function properly as it keeps all membranes in tact
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What is lipoprotein?
It is the combination of protein and fat. Lipid is transported around the bloodstream attached to transport proteins
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What is bad and good cholestrol?
Bad has LDL - low density lipoprotein. Good has HDL - high protein lipoprotein
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What does LDL do?
Transports choldestrol to peripheral tissues - but too much can cause build up excess cholestrol in target tissue
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What does HDL do?
It transports cholestrol away from the bloodstream to the liver for excretion
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What are modified lipoproteins?
Are readily scavanged by macrophages in arterial wall in early stages of atherosclerosis. Lipoproteins that have been modified (oxidised). The oxidation caused by being bombaed by free radical - produced by smoking
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What do oxidised lipoproteins form?
Foam cells full of liquid droplets > results in accumulation of cholestrol in arterial wall
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How does LDL build up and cause atheroclerosis?
Macrophages in artery walls take up lipid like oxygenated LDL and build up to form plaque. Vulernable plaque will rupture resulting in thrombus. Stable plaque grows into artery until it marrows lumen. Blockage of coronary artery is myocardial infarct
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Does the fibrous cap always rupture?
No, 'stable' plaque is where no rupture. Plaque still increases in size, constricting blood flow down narrow lumen. - Stenosis. Tis often is picked up on imaging paients with angiogram
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What is atheroma?
LDL, free cholestrol, dead and ding macrophages underneath stable fibrous cap. Porridge like mixture
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What causes Atherosclerosis?
Risk factors- agest, sex, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, hereditry, poor diet, oxidation of LDL - smoling, alcohol, processed food
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What treatments are there for Atherosclerosis?
Prevention better than treatment - diet exercise, statins can help reduce cholestrol,treatment with blood thinners such as aspirin, surgical intervention
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How does balloon angioplasty work?
1. guide wire inseted, usually into femoral artery. 2. long, thin catheter tbe containing tightly packed defated balloon pagges up guide to blockage 3. Balloon inflates using water pressure & pushes open artery 4. usually a STENT to hold open permena
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What is an aneurysm and how is it formed?
Atherosclerosis artery can englarge to compensate for plaque - inflammation. Lead to form Aneurysm, balloon bluge in artery with v thin wall. Tends to remain asymptomatic (nosympts) until rupture
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Why can aneurysms form?
Due to high blood pressure, small tears in wall of artery, confenital defect, inherited disorders. Most common in aorta, iliac artery, femoral artery
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What happens if aneurysm does rupture?
Life threatening internal bleeding
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How do you treat aneurysms?
Surgery, lower blood pressure, 'keep eye on it'
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What happens if you have an ischemic stroke?
Or Cerebrovascular accident. Where a thrombus induced infarction of brain tissue
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What happens if you have a haemorrhagic stroke?
About 20%. Occurs via rupture of blood vessels in brain rather than clots forming. Ruptured aneurysm in brain. blood leaks into brain tissue
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What is an autoimmune disease?
Body recognises components of cardiovascular system as foreign antigens and tries to eliminate them - usually by inflamattory response.
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How can autoimmune diseases be triggered by infection?
Coxsackie B3 virus infection cause immune system changes = autoimmune myocarditis (inflammed heart muscle. 2. Chlamydia bacteria mimics heart's myosin and antibodies attach reals
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What is congenital heart defect?
One or more abnormalities in your heart's structure & large vessels that born with. Most common birth defect. Ventricular septal defect most defect in wall dividing ventricles
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What happens to people with heart valve disease?
Heart valves ensure blood runs in right direction. Failure in a valve in left = accumulation of fluids in lungs. Rigth sided - fluid accumulation in body e.g. legs abdominal cavity, liver
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What are the causes of heart valve disease?
Congenital abnormality, degeneration by atheroscelerosis, damage from rheumatic fever, calcification in old ages. LEaking valves due to bacterial inflammation of floppy leaflets
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What is hypertension?
High blood pressure. Persistent hypertension is risk of stroke, aneurysm, heart attack
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What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure. Physiological state rather than disease, associated with shock
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What is vasculitis?
Group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation. Both arteries & veins can be affected
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What is Phlebitis?
Inflammation of veins, either superficial (near skin) or deep veins. Can result from trauma e.g. IV drip
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What is thombophlebitis?
When phlebitis is result of blood clot. Deep vein thrombosis = when larger veins deep in legs affected by this. Clots can break off & travel to lungs cuasing pulmonary embolism
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What is embolism?
Blockage inside blood vessel
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What is arteritis?
Inflammation of arteries, usually result of infection or autoimmune disease
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What is temporal arteritis?
(or giant cell arteritis) specifically arteritis of vessels supplying the head, eyes & optic nerves, particuarly temporal artery
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What is Takayasu's arteritis?
Affects aorta and its branches
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What is polyarteritis nodose?
Affects medium-sized arteries
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What is Raynaud's disease?
Vascular disorder affecting blood flow to extremities (fingers&toes), under temp change or stress. When are warmed, blood flow returns and skin normal. Often effects young women
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Card 2

Front

What tissue composes the Tricuspid valve and what is the function?

Back

Open passively in response to pressure of connective tissue

Card 3

Front

What tissue composes the capillaries and what is the function?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What tissue composes the Purkinje fibres and what is the function?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What tissue composes the tunica externa/adventitia and what is the function?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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