Multi-store Model of Memory + key studies

Who produced the Multi-store model of memory?

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

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This model had two _____ stores

seperate

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The sensory register is modality specific - what does this mean?

information is held in the same sense it is registered

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What is the capacity and duration of the sensory register?

large capacity, very short duration (half a second)

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Because the sensory register is unconcious, Sperling (1990) conducted some experiments and found what?

That the sensory register can hold at least nine items

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What happens to information from the sensory register?

It is either lost or passed onto the STM store (if it is paid attention to)

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Miller (1956) published a famous paper about the STM called 'The Magical Number _____'

Seven

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What is the capacity of the STM store and how can it be improved?

7+/-2, chunking and rehearsal

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What is chunking?

Putting information into meaningful wholes e.g BBCITVC4HDMI would be 'chunked' into BBC,ITV,C4,HDMI.

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What does rehearsal do in the STM?

It helps to keep information in the STM or to transfer information into the LTM for indefinite storage.

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What is the capacity and duration of the LTM?

Huge capacity, long duration (minutes-lifetime)

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Although the LTM can store information in many ways, it is mostly stored _____/_____

abstractly/semantically

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There is some evidence that information in the LTM is stored in an ______ and ________ way

organised, meaningful

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Who investigated the duration of the STM in 1959 by giving participants trigrams and asking them to recall them after varying amounts of time (0-18 seconds)

Peterson & Peterson

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What did the 1959 experiment find?

That the longer the time period (18 seconds) the less amounts of trigrams were recalled (10%) therefore the duration of the STM is around about 18 seconds.

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Who conducted a study in 1966 that investigated the coding in the STM and LTM stores?

Baddeley

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In the 1966 experiment there were three conditions, acoustically similar words, semantically similar words and _______ words

unrelated

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The participants of the 1966 study were then asked to recall the words either immediately or 20 minutes later, what did they find?

When participants recalled immediately they made the most mistakes with acoustically similar words, whereas after 20 minutes most mistakes were made with the semantically similar words.

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What do the results of the 1966 study mean?

That information in the STM is encoded acoustically which makes it difficult to remember similar sounding words and that information in the LTM is encoded semantically which makes it difficult to remember similar meaning words

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But this study had ________

low ecological validity

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What was Murdock's 1962 study, studying?

The primary/recency effect

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Why does the primary/recency effect happen?

Because information at the beginning of the list has been transferred into the LTM due to rehearsal (primary) and information at the end of the list is still fresh in the STM (recency)

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A clinical study of ___ helped to prove functional seperation of the the STM and LTM because after his brain surgery to stop seizures in 1953 he was unable to transfer information to his LTM store but his STM was fine.

H.M

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The Multi-store Model of Memory has been criticised of over-simplification, what model builds on the Multi-store Memory Model to make it more detailed?

The Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch 1974)

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Multi-store Model of Memory + key studies

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