7. Although the LTM can store information in many ways, it is mostly stored _____/_____
abstractly/semantically
visually/acoustically
acoustically/semantically
semantically/visually
8. Who investigated the duration of the STM in 1959 by giving participants trigrams and asking them to recall them after varying amounts of time (0-18 seconds)
Shiffrin & Baddeley
Peterson & Peterson
Miller
Baddeley & Peterson
9. Why does the primary/recency effect happen?
Because there is enough capacity in the STM to remember the beginning words and the end words - we lose concentration in the middle of the list
Because information at the beginning of the list has been transferred into the LTM due to rehearsal (primary) and information at the end of the list is still fresh in the STM (recency)
Because information at the beginning of the list is being refreshed by rehearsal and chunking (primary) and information at the end of the list is still fresh in the STM (recency)
10. What do the results of the 1966 study mean?
That information in the STM is encoded acoustically which makes it difficult to remember similar sounding words and that information in the LTM is encoded semantically which makes it difficult to remember similar meaning words
That information in the STM is encoded semantically because they remembered more semantically similar words, information in the LTM is encoded acoustically because they remembered more acoustically similar words.
That information in both the STM and LTM is stored in a hierarchical way
11. There is some evidence that information in the LTM is stored in an ______ and ________ way
organised, meaningful
efficient, meaningful
open, messy
organised, hierarchical
12. This model had two _____ stores
seperate
similar
conjoined
huge
13. What was Murdock's 1962 study, studying?
H.M
Displacement
The primary/recency effect
Amnesia
14. The Multi-store Model of Memory has been criticised of over-simplification, what model builds on the Multi-store Memory Model to make it more detailed?
The Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch 1974)
The Memory Cloud Model (Miller 1969)
The Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockheart 1972)
15. The participants of the 1966 study were then asked to recall the words either immediately or 20 minutes later, what did they find?
When participants recalled immediately they remembered almost everything but mostly the semantically similar words, when recalling 20 minutes after participants remember more acoustically similar words
When participants recalled immediately they made the most mistakes with acoustically similar words, whereas after 20 minutes most mistakes were made with the semantically similar words.
When participants recalled immediately they forgot everything, but when they recalled 20 minutes later they remembered more semantically similar words
They could not conclude anything useful because the participants forgot all words in all three conditions
16. What does rehearsal do in the STM?
It helps to keep information in the STM or to transfer information into the LTM for indefinite storage.
It holds information in the STM forever
It causes a loss of memory
It helps to transfer information into the LTM where it can be stored for a short amount of time
17. The sensory register is modality specific - what does this mean?
information is stored forever
information is remembered vividly
information is held in the same sense it is registered
information is immediately lost if not used straight away
18. But this study had ________
low generalisability
low ecological validity
researcher bias
19. Because the sensory register is unconcious, Sperling (1990) conducted some experiments and found what?
That the sensory register can hold at least nine items
That the sensory register can hold up to 20 items
That the sensory register can only hold 3 items
That the sensory register can hold a maximum of ten items
