MSM

Who composed the multi-store memory model and when?

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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What are the main registers in the sensory register?

Echoic, iconic and haptic

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Duration of the sensory register?

Up to 500ms (iconic) up to 3s (echoic)

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Capacity of the sensory register?

Unlimited

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Coding in the short term memory?

Mainly acoustic (some visual and semantic)

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Duration of STM?

15-30s (w/out rehearsal)

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Capacity of STM?

7 + or - 2 (5-9 items)

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Coding in LTM?

Semantic

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Duration of LTM?

A lifetime

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Capacity of LTM?

Unlimited

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Evidence for coding in SR?

Crowder(1993)- suggests the difference in duration between iconic and echoic registers indicates that information is coded according to its sense modality.

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Evidence for duration of SR?

Treisman(1964)-presented identical information to both ears, with a slight delay. At 2s, participants could state that info. was identical but after 2 seconds, errors were made. Suggests duration of echoic info. is around 2s.

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Evidence for capacity of SR?

Sperling(1960)- flashed 3x4 grids of letters on screens for 1/20th of a second. Participants had to recall letters from a specified row, identified by the pitch of a sound. Recall of specified row high so info. of whole grid available is SR.

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Evidence for coding in STM?

Baddely(1966)-lists of similar/dissimilar sounding words. Confusion for similar words indicates coding is primarily acoustic.

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Evidence for duration of STM?

Peterson and Peterson(1959)- trigrams shown for different times (3,6,9,12 and 18s). Participants had to count backwards in 3s from random 3 digit no. to prevent maintenance rehearsal. After 3s, recall=80%, 6s= 50% and 18s=

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Evidence for capacity of STM?

Jacobs(1887)-random sequences of letters or digits and recorded memory spans (longest sequence of items recalled 50% of the time). Average: 9.3 digits and 7.3 letters recalled, in order.

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Evidence for coding LTM?

Baddeley(1966)-semantically similar/dissimilar words. After 20 mins, participants recalled. Recall of dissimilar words more successful, suggesting coding is primarily semantic.

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Evidence for duration LTM?

Bahrick et al(1975)-48yrs after leaving schl., participants could put names to faces of class mates, w/ 70% accuracy. Only 30% when free recalling names. Memories remain for a long time and are recalled when right cues are present.

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Evidence for capacity LTM?

Standing et al(1970)-single mpresentation of 2560 pics for 5 or 10s per pic. After 36hrrs, correct photo identified, when paired w/ a new one 90% of the time. Shows vast amount of info. can be stored in LTM, at least in pic form.

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Evidence supporting MSM?

Glanzer and Cunitz-when presented list of words, participants could only recall first words, when rehearsal prevented by counting backwards in 3s but first and last when rehearsal allowed.

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Evidence supporting MSM?

Beardsley(1997)-pre-frontal cortex active when STM used. Squire et al(1992)-hippocampus active when LTM engaged.

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Evidence challenging MSM?

Other research- memory is a product of processing; recall worse for shallow level processing than for deep level processing.

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MSM fails to explain...?

Shallice and Warrington(1970)- patient w/ amnesia better at recalling words he reads than words read to him. Clive Wearing case study- has procedural and semantic memory but damaged episodic memory.

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MSM fails to explain...?

Info. being passed from STM to LTM, w/out rehearsal, in everyday life.

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Applications of MSM?

Students revising

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