Mrs young epistemology unit.

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What does Tabula rasa mean?
The epistemological theory that the mind is born as a blank slate with no prior knowledge,
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Who was John Locke, what was his theory of acquiring knowledge?
Locke Believed that in two types of experience, reflection (beliefs, introspection) and sensation (sight, taste) we use them to make simple ideas (colour, size, numerical value) into complex ideas (angry Mexican) Locke was an empiricist.
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What were Locke's primary and secondary qualities?
Primary qualities- size, shape, numerical value, part of the object itself. secondary qualities-colour, smell, taste (not bound to the object. )
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What were Locke's types of knowledge?
Intuition-Back is not white, i exist-things difficult to doubt due to intuition.most certain. demonstrative-the sun is hot, putting simple ideas together to make complex. it can change.less certain. Sensitive-Twelve cats-down to senses.least certain.
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Who was Hume and what did he believe about acquiring knowledge?
real knowledge is unattainable. The only statements that mankind could make about the world were empirical ones, because those where the closest they could get to the truth. we can also use tautology, but they tell us nothing more than the definition
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how did Hume sort these empirical statements?
He used Hume's fork; on one prong were relations of Ideas, things logically necessary. then there are matters of fact, things contingently true. then nonsense, logical contradictions.
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What did Hume believe about the material world? What were his impressions and ideas?
It is un-knowable because sense-data is subject, however sense data is all that exists and the closest we can get. impressions are the sense data as it happens, like the burn of a hot stove. An idea is the faded recollection.
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What did Hume believe about the self?
Bundle theory- the self is a compilation of predicates, with no actual thing underneath. you can't imagine anything without its predicates so **** you and everything you love.
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What did Hume believe about God?
God does not exist as there is no way to arrive at him empirically.
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What Was Hume's theory regarding cause and effect/the induction Fallacy?
We are habitually conditioned to think that B will always follow A because we have seen it happen so often however there is no empirical evidence, and so to Hume it is not true, E.G future always follows past. this is the induction fallacy.
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what is an innate idea?
a concept we have from birth.
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what was Descartes philosophical stance and how did he say that God was an innate idea?
Rationalist. and he proved (to himself) that God exists Through the trademark argument-we have the idea of a perfect God, the cause must be of equal reality to the effect, God is the only perfection he created the idea which was stamped on our brains
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How did Descartes prove that the self exists?
Cogito ergo sum-I think therefore I am, Cause must be equal or greater reality than the effect, so the self exists.
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How did Descartes prove that god exists?
2 ways: 1.trademark argument.2. either we made ourselves, were always here, parents are causes, something less than God made us or God made us.
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can you explain Why God wins out in the latter argument?
If we made ourselves we would have made ourselves perfect. We are dependent on things, so we can't have always existed, parental causes implies an infinite regress and something less than God couldn't create that perfect idea.
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How does Descartes explain the reality of the material World?
He has the inclination to believe in it which is part of his nature, God made him this way and would not deceive him, so it exists.
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What was Plato's philosophical stance and what were the Forms?
rationalist. above the physical realm was the realm of forms. Forms are ideas, like the idea of a cake. There are many in the physical realm but one in the realm of forms;a blueprint, the base for all others.
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What did Plato believe regarding knowledge?
Before birth we exist in the realm of forms where we learn them all, the shock of birth make us forget, learning is remembering. If there is existence before birth, then why not after death?
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What is locke's contradiction of innate ideas?
Practical (moral) ideas are not innate, because they require experience. you couldn't understand love if you hadn't loved. speculative (maths and logic) cannot be understood by everyone either.
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another problem with Plato?
Even if learning is remembering there is no way to tell.
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what is solipsism?
"I am the only mind that exists and it is all that exists"
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What is the problem with shared ideas? Think Hume's solipsism.
We cannot share ideas, because we can't see into one another's minds to see their interpretations.
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Everyone is at war here; Hume and Locke-Tabula rasa, Palto and Descartes-innate ideas. can we know the world? Hume-no, Locke-yes Descartes-He has proved it (to himself) Can you explain Kant's theory of conceptual schemes?
Conceptual scheme- the way in which our mind organises information. people with the same conceptual schemes can share information
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What Did Kant say in regards to experience?
there were two types, noumena-primary qualities (size, shape, number) and phenoumena-secondary qualities (colour, smell) the world as it is projects noumena with phenoumena on top, phenoumena- immediately sense-noumena we must look to harder to see.
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What is Kant's a priori synthesis?
Our minds have twelve categories, that are innate and universal (A priori), which categorise sense data (synthetic) we do not really know of the categories, so we have tabula rasa, but the categories are hard wired-innate idea.
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can you name the twelve categories?
QUANTITY-unity,plurality, totality. QUALITY-reality-reality, negation, limitation. RELATION-substance/accident, causality/dependence, community/interaction. MODALITY-possibility/impossibility, existence/nonexistence, necessity/contingency.
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What are introspection and tautology?
introspection-looking inside one's mind to find truth, tautology, a statement that is true because of repetition of the definition-the triangle has three sides.
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What are analytic and synthetic statements?
analytic-true by definition. synthetic- can not be deemed true just by the words used
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Contingent and necessary truths?
contingent truths happen to be true but hey do not need to be true. necessary truths would be logically contradictory is they were false
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inductive and deductive arguments?
deductive-the conclusion is guaranteed to be true because of the premises. inductive-the premises to not guarantee the truth of the conclusion.
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What is a priori reasoning?
reasoning based on what can be known void of experience
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The next slide will tell you to sign up to getrevising.com. DO NOT DO IT. do you know how many times i had to re-do this? three. all three times i was right at the end. took me DAYS The third time I wept. turn over for an important message
DO NOT RELY ON TECHNOLOGY. IT WILL MAKE YOU HATE EVERY TECHNOLOGICAL STEP MANKIND HAS TAKEN.
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