This type of motor neuron has their cell body in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and its axon makes direct contact with the muscles via the NMJ
Lower
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This type of motor neuron has cell bodies in the cerebral cortex. The produce voluntary movements which are sophisticated, adaptable and may involve patterns
Upper
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This type of lower motor neuron alone directly controls muscle contraction
Alpha
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This type of motor neurons innervates the distal parts of the body involved in fine motor control, e.g hands, feet and digits
Lateral
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This type of motor neuron innervates the proximal parts of the body involved in posture, e.g. elbows, knees, trunk muscles
Medial
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This descending pathway is involved in voluntary movement and uses distal muscles and flexors
Lateral
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This descending pathway is involved in posture and it uses proxima/axial muscles and extensors
Ventromedial
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A lateral pathway which is also known as the pyramidal tract. There is monosynaptic contact with alpha motor neurones which controls the distal muscles and the flexors
Corticospinal
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A lateral pathway which takes over from the corticospinal pathway if it gets damaged. Otherwise it only has a minor role
Rubrospinal
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A ventromedial pathway which relays gravitational sensory information from the inner ear and axial muscles. It maintains the head and neck positions and also the legs
Vestibulospinal
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A ventromedial pathway which relays visual sensory information in order to orientate the head and eyes in response to the stimuli
Tectospinal
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A ventromedial pathway which enhances anti-gravity reflexes of the spinal cord - keeps the body upright
Pontine reticulospinal
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A ventromedial pathway which frees anti-gravity muscles from reflex control to allow voluntary override in order to sit down for example (opposite of pontine reticulospinal)
Medullary reticulospinal
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The part of the brain that has control over axial muscle tone, posture/balance, eye movement and sensory -motor integration
Cerebellum
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This part of the brain integrates sensory and motor information, selects and initiates voluntary movement but its output to the thalamus is inhibitory
Basal ganglia
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The caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens make up this structure of the basal ganglia
Striatum
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This structure helps make up the basal ganglia - it has two subsections (internal and external)
Global pallidus
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The reticulata and pars compacta make up this structure of the basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
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STN - makes up the basal ganglia
Subthalamic nucleus
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A movement condition which can cause akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor. This is due to the loss of nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway which causes excessive inhibition of the thalamo-cortical pathway
Parkinsons
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Protein clusters found in the brains of patients with parkinsons disease
Lewy bodies
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The enzyme which metabolises L-DOPA into dopamine (as well as adrenaline and noradrenaline)
DOPA decarboxylase
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This drug can be given to inhibit peripheral DOPA decarboxylase which prevents production of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Carbidopa
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A fairly non-selective dopamine receptor agonist which can be used to treat Parkinsons disease
Pergolide
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A selective dopamine receptor agonist which can be used to treat Parkinsons disease
Ropinirole
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A drug which inhibits the breakdown of dopamine used to treat Parkinsons disease
Selegiline
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A hyperkinetic disease where there is excessive repetitive, rapid, jerky involuntary movements. The rapid motor patterns are uncontrollable. This is a result of the loss of striatal output neurones - too much dopamine production
Huntingtons
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A dopamine antagonist used in Huntington's disease
Chlorpromazine
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A drug which prevents dopamine storage and dopamine release used to treat Huntington's disease
Tetrabenazine
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
This type of motor neuron has cell bodies in the cerebral cortex. The produce voluntary movements which are sophisticated, adaptable and may involve patterns
Back
Upper
Card 3
Front
This type of lower motor neuron alone directly controls muscle contraction
Back
Card 4
Front
This type of motor neurons innervates the distal parts of the body involved in fine motor control, e.g hands, feet and digits
Back
Card 5
Front
This type of motor neuron innervates the proximal parts of the body involved in posture, e.g. elbows, knees, trunk muscles
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