What are content theories? (mainstream approaches)
These theories attempt to find the specific factors – individuals needs, tasks, management style-– Focus on ‘what’ motivates
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What was fredeick Taylor theory?
– Assumed that workers motivated by money – Carrot and stick – You need to separate those who are in charge of conception and execution – so social classes within the hierarchy –
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Who did taylor borrow from?
He borrowed from Adam smith – if one person is in charge of everythi
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What was Harry levinsons theories?
• Self-motivation • We need to begin with an understanding of a persons own objectives • a persons most powerful driving force is compromised of needs, wishes and aspirations and look good this is know as the Ego ideal –
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What is the ego ideal? (Harry levinson)
– persons values, parents expectations, how a person thinks they should be
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What was Hawthrones experiments?
– Challenged Taylor’s assumptions – Recognised the importance of individuals’ social needs – HelpRealising that people are not only motivated by just money- they also have other desires and aspirations
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What experiment did hawthorne conduct?
increased the lighting and also kept the lighting the same – both groups performed the same but they both increase productivity. They improved because they were being watched
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What movmernt did howthorne find and how idd he say we can tacklet souldering?
– Taylorism – if you are not performing at high standards you will be punished – Hawthorne said I you want to tackle shouldering you need to involve employees in organising the tasks – He found the ‘human relations movement
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WHAT IS MASLOWS HIERAHCY OF NEEDS?
– Monkeys were motivated by banana’s –All relations in human society – power and domination motivates people – His theory whilst it helps us to find out what motivates people, it however is not completLEY ACCURANT AS homelss people play insurments
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What mcgregors x and y theory? (X)
– Employees efforts must be directed because people are lazy, lack ambition, prefer to be led and dislike responsibility
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(y)
People are not naturally lazy. but have become so as a result of their experiences in organizations – Management’s task is to create the conditions through which people can achieve their own goals by directing their effort towards goals
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Hezbergs motivators?
• He realised that it is usually the manager who is the motivated one, not the employee
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What did he say are the 3 motivators of motivation?
recognition, responsibility, achievement
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What are the 3 hygiene factors?
salary, job security
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What article did Burnham and MCcelland and what did it focus on?
published an article called “power is the great motivator” that focused directly on managers motivation.
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What 3 motives did they discover?
1. Need for achievement 2. Need for power 3. Need to be liked
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What 2 theories did they discover?
Equity theory- these ideas focus on the importance people attach to perceptions of fairness in how managers deal with them relative to others
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The other one?
Procdeural justice – similar to equity theory, procedural justice is interested in the effects, either positive or negative, that arise from how fairly and transparently managers implement decisions affecting their staff.
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What did Hackman realise?
• Realised that a lot of the problems of motivation fall away when someone is well matched to the job they are doing
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• Hackman and Oldham realised Internal motivation depends upon these 3 conditions- which ones?
1. The work needs to be experienced as meaningful – 1. Task identity, 2. Skill variety, 3.task sig 2. Responsibility 3. Knowledge of the results of the task they are doing – feedback
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What was lockie and lathams theory?
It is the goals set for the self
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Lockie said "• Others act better than others because they have diff performance goals" what theory does this build on?
1. Difficult goals lead to higher performance than easy goals, or no goals or abstruct injuctions like “do your best” 2. The higher the goal the higher the performance 3. Praise, feedback 4. Goeal setting
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What was Thomas and Velthouse theory?
• Empowerment should be understood in terms of 4 different congintions related to a persons sense of meaning, competence, choice and impact,
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What was Luthans theory?
Selective recognition by mangers helps
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What was Vrooms expectancy theory?
• He assumes that humans are motivated to maximise pleasure and miminize pain, – People adjust their effort based on earlier experiences and future expectations – Therefore, motivation involves cognitive processes
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What 3 factors did he say indivudals consider when deciding whether to commit effort? (1)
Valence (effort)
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(2)
Instrumentality (performance)
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(3)
Expectancy (reward)
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What is the Japanese management style?
Specific, measurable, assignable,realistic, time based - work orientated and people orietnated
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What are the limitations of
focusing on ‘what’ motivates is insufficient- a neglect of issues around power
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What was fredeick Taylor theory?
Back
– Assumed that workers motivated by money – Carrot and stick – You need to separate those who are in charge of conception and execution – so social classes within the hierarchy –
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