Molecular Biology - Cell respiration

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  • Created by: Lotto65
  • Created on: 20-03-17 13:48
What do all living cells need?
A continual supply of energy
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Name 2 processes that require energy from respiration
Active transport and protein synthesis
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What form of energy do most processes require?
In the form of ATP
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What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
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What process produces ATP?
Cell respiration
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True/false: Each cell produces its own ATP
True
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Give two organic compounds that can be broken down and release energy as ATP?
Glucose and fats
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What is a definition of cell respiration?
Controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
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What is the advantage of using ATP as an energy source?
Can be easily available as an energy source. Can diffuse to any part of the cell and release energy within a fraction of a second
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Is there a high or low yield of ATP in aerobic respiration?
High
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Is there a high or low yield of ATP in anaerobic respiration?
Low
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What is the substrate in anaerobic respiration?
Glucose only
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In anaerobic respiration, what is pyruvate converted into in humans?
Lactate
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What is good about using anaerobic respiration?
Supplies ATP at a more rapid rate for a short time
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Why is ATP supplied at more rapid overall rates for a short time in anaerobic respiration?
It is not limited by how much oxygen there is
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Give examples of when anaerobic respiration is used in muscles
Vigorous exercise (sprinting or weight lifting)
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What does anaerobic respiration do regarding the power of muscle contractions?
Maximises the power of muscle contractions
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What is lactate?
Lactic acid
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What are the products of anaerobic respiration in humans?
Lactate and hydrogen ions
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How long can anaerobic respiration be used for to produce ATP?
2 minutes
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Why can anaerobic respiration only occur for a very short time?
The concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood would be too high, making the pH of the blood too low so aerobic must be used and it cannot continue
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What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
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Initially, yeast uses aerobic respiration in bread but where does it get the oxygen from?
The dough
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How quickly does yeast use up oxygen?
Very quickly
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What makes dough rise?
Carbon dioxide forming bubbles
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What makes dough less dense?
Carbon dioxide bubbles makes it rise
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Where does ethanol go when bread is baked?
It is evaporated
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What process is yeast used to produce ethanol?
Fermentation
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How is yeast cultured?
In a liquid containing sugar and other nutrients, but not oxygen
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Why is yeast not cultured in oxygen?
So it respires anaerobically
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When will fermentation end?
When the concentration of ethanol rises and it becomes too toxic for the yeast to continue
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Where does most of the carbon dioxide go in fermentation?
Into the atmosphere
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Give some examples of what can be made by fermentation of yeast
Beer, wine, other alcoholic drinks, fuel
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Why do you need to put dough in an oven?
To provide heat to speed up anaerobic respiration or encourage yeast to respire
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Give an example of a source of sugar used for yeast
Grape juice
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Why do you need an airlock on a brewing machine?
To allow carbon dioxide to leave but not let in any oxygen
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What is energy released in muscle fibres used for?
Muscle contraction
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What else can be used as a reactant of respiration other than carbohydrates, lipids and oxygen?
Amino acids (from proteins we eat)
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Where does the energy come from to add a phosphate group to ADP?
The breakdown of organic compounds
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Give three main activities of a cell that require energy
Building large molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins); Pumping molecules or ions across membranes by active transport; Moving things around in the cell (chromosomes, vesicles or protein fibres in muscle cells)
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Can the heat released from respiration be easily used?
It can be used to keep the organism warm but eventually, it will be lost to the environment
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Give three situations in which you would use anaerobic respiration
When you need a short, rapid burst of ATP; When oxygen supplies run out in respiring cells; In environments deficient in oxygen
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Why do lactate or ethanol need to be removed quickly or in limited quantities?
They are toxic in excess
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What sort of texture does yeast give dough due to anaerobic respiration?
Light texture
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What is 'rising'?
The swelling of dough due to the production of bubbles of carbon dioxide
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What is the main plant matter that yeast is added to to make bioethanol?
Sugar cane and corn
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Yeast can only convert...
Sugars
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Can starch and cellulose be converted by yeast?
No - they are not sugars
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What part of yeast helps convert sugars?
Enzymes
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How is ethanol produced by yeast purified?
Distillation
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Why does ethanol then have water removed from it?
To improve its combustion
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Bioethanol can be a fuel in its pure state or it can be mixed with...
Gasoline (petrol)
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When would our ancestors have need maximum muscle contraction?
For survival to escape from a predator or to catch prey in a food shortage
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What is the oxygen debt?
The demand for oxygen that builds up during a period of anaerobic respiration
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Why does the desert rat never need to drink?
Aerobic respiration supplies it with water
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Name 2 processes that require energy from respiration

Back

Active transport and protein synthesis

Card 3

Front

What form of energy do most processes require?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does ATP stand for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What process produces ATP?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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