Module 2 - Metallic Mineral Deposits - Flashcards in A Level and IB Geology

Natural Resource

Is a useful and valuable natural material

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Reserves

The amount of the resource that can be extracted at a profit using existing technology

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Ore deposit

Is an accumulation of metal in average continental crust

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Average crustal abundance

Describes the amount of metal in average continental crust

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Concentration Factor

Is the amount by which the metal is concentrated to make an ore deposit.

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Grade

Is the amount of metal in the ore

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Cut-off grade

Is the minimum grade that is economic to mine

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Gangue

Is a low-value waste mineral (For example quartz or calcite)

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Hydrothermal Fluid

Is a hot, aqueous fluid containing dissolved metals in solution

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Cumulate layer

Is the layer of dense minerals formed by gravity settling at the base of an intrusion

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Magmatic segregation

Occurs when ore minerals become separated and concentrated during cooling and crystallisation of magma; a type of differentiation

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Immiscible

Describes liquids that do not mix

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Laterite

Is a red tropical soil made of hydrated iron and aluminium oxides

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Dredging

Is where the material is scraped or sucked from the river or sea bed.

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Hydraulic mining

Is the use of high-pressure water jets to dislodge material

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Secondary enrichment

Occurs when metals are leached from surface rocks and precipitated just below the water table

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Leaching

Is where elements are dissolved from rocks and carried downwards in solution

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Gossan

Is an insoluble cap of iron oxides at the surface

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Oxidising

Describes the oxygen-rich conditions, allowing elements to combine with oxygen to form oxides.

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Reducing

Describes the oxygen-poor, anoxic conditions

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Porphyry

Is a large igneous intrusion below a volcano with a porphyritic texture

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Tailings

Are the fine-grained waste produced during mineral processing

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In Situ

Means "in place", with no transport having occured

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Pregnant solution

A metal-laden solution produced by In-Situ or heap leaching

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Module 2 - Metallic Mineral Deposits

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