Models of addiction criticism

1. Found that factors such as accessibility to gambling opportunities incentives to gamble such as free bets and peer pressure as well al the provision of alcoholic drinks increased the likelihood of gambling. (5)
4. Peers and family members of problem gamblers where more likely to approve of gambling, gamblers with this form of reinforcement gambled more than other respondents and continued doing so. (6, 2, 2)
5. Many people gamble at some point in their lives and so experience the reinforcement associated with this behaviour however relatively few become addicts only 5% of gamblers develop a gambling addiction. (10)
7. Presented 33 smokers with a cue predicting smoking whilst in a second room presented a cue of smoking unavailability. The research showed that the cue predicting smoking later led greater urge to smoke then cues associated with smoking unavaliabilty (9)
8. Found that peer group influence was the primary influence for adolescents who smoke. They were more likely to hang out with other adolescents who smoke (8, 3, 5)
10. Found that smokers did not expect NRT to elivate negative moods, or have a positive effect on weight control in contrast to smoking. (7, 3, 7)

1. found that a major depressive disorder is evident in a majority of pathological gamblers. (6, 2, 2)
2. found that men and women who got hooked on video gambling become compulsive gamblers in around a year. Where as it tended to take over 3 and a half years before gamblers were addicted to other forms such as betting on horses or sports (9)
6. Found that the use of nicotine patches did not improve cessation rates amongst adolescents (4, 2, 2)
9. Found that gamblers believed they were more skillful then they actually were and talk to themselves with irrational verbalisations when playing on fruit machines. They also saw the machine as a person and explained loses as near wins (8)

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