Methods used in reading research

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What do we see when reading?
visual acuity drops off rapidly from the point of fixation, perceptual span is 4 characters to the left, 15 characters for the right of the fixation, the reader has continually move their eyes through a piece of text
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What are some basic facts about eye movements?
Fixations and saccades, when reading english eyes move from left to right 85% of the time, and from right to left 15% of the time, fixations 60-500 ms, saccades vary between 1 character and whole sentence
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How to measure reading time
There are early measures: first fixation duration = 267 ms, First pass reading time - 267 + 213= 480
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What is the regression path ?
Measure the path downwards and backwards then forwards
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What is the total reading time?
The pause
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The Gaze contigency paradigm
A general term for techniques allowing a computer screen for techniques
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How is the preview effects measured?
Subtract reading time for correct preview from reading time for incorrect preview, 250 ms - 210 ms = 40ms
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What is this measure known as ?
The preview benefit
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What are the advantages of eye tracking?
Naturalistic behaviour, non intrusive, provides moment by moment indication of ease of text comprehension, can use gaze contingent paradigms
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What are the disadvantages of eye tracking?
Labour intensive, training requirements, expensive
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What else is used?
EEG or ERP (Event related potential)
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What are the ERP components?
A component is a predictable and identifiable waveform that covaries in response to experimental mainpulations
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What are the two related components?
N400, P600
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How many components be described?
In terms of: latency, polarity, scalp distribution
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What is the N400 been argued to reflect?
Difficulty with integrating words into context: sentence incongruiy, discourse incongruity
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What else has N400 been argued to reflect?
Retrieving conceptual representations from semantic memory: Word frequency, word repetition
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What is sentence incongrituity?
He spread the warm bread with 'butter/socks' the the brain is more activated by socks than butter
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What is discourse incongruity?
As agreed upon, Jane was to wake her sister and her brother at five o’clock in the morning. But the sister had already washed herself, and the brother had even got dressed. Jane told the brother that he was exceptionally quick/slow.
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What is the ease of access from long term memory?
word frequency and word repetition
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What is P600?
Initially considered to be a syntax-relevant component
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What is subject - verb agreement?
- The spoil child throws/throw the toy on the ground
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What are syntactic garden path sentences?
The professor saw that the student would succeed
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What are the advantages of ERPs?
Non invasive, real time, measurement of neural activity, measures are time locked to critical event, different components can reflect different underlying cognitive processes
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What are some disadvantages of ERPS?
Unnatural word by word stimulus presentation, hard to tell where in the brain processes occur, EEG artifacts can be difficult to remove, labour intensive/expensive/training requirements
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Card 2

Front

What are some basic facts about eye movements?

Back

Fixations and saccades, when reading english eyes move from left to right 85% of the time, and from right to left 15% of the time, fixations 60-500 ms, saccades vary between 1 character and whole sentence

Card 3

Front

How to measure reading time

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the regression path ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the total reading time?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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