ethics

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  • Created by: Nicole
  • Created on: 26-06-17 12:36
A.J. Ayer
non-cognitivist. emotivism. boo hurrah theory. words have no intrinsic meaning- meaningless. they express subjective feelings of approval and disapproval
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C.L. Stevenson
non-cognitivist. emotivism. accepted that statements are expression of opinion but claimed they aren't arbitrary , based on beliefs about the world and the ways it should work
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R.H. Hare
non-cognitivist. prescriptivism. influenced by ayer and stevenson, agrees that moral statements are expressions of opinion rather than fact but we are also prescribing our opinion on to others
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G.E. Moore
cognitivist. intuitionism. good is indefinable (like yellow) objective moral truths that are self-evident to the mature mind
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H.A Prichard
cognitivist. intuitionism. moral obligations form immediate apprehensions, self-evident. some people have clearer intuitions than others
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W.D Ross
cognitivist. intuitionism. agrees that there are objective moral truths certain types of actions that were right (prima facie duties)
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David Hume (meta ethics)
naturalistic fallacy. is-ought gap, one cannot move from a factual statement to an ought statement. hume's fork only two types of meaningful statements
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F.H. Bradley
cognitivist. ethical naturalism. treat ethical statements the same as non-ethical statements. we discover moral obligations from society
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logical positivists
non-cognitivists. since statements can only have meaning if they can be verified and moral statements cannot be verified therefor they are meaningless
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Thomas Hobbes
freedom meant that there were no external constraints stopping you from making a free choice
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David Hume (free will)
"the power of acting or of not acting according to the determination of the will: that is, if we chose to remain at great, we may and if we chose to move, we also may..."
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examples of hard determinism
leopold and loeb- mary bell- thompson and venables- oedipus
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Ted Honderich
modern determinist. claims everything is determined, we have no choice therefore no moral responsibility. all our actions are caused by states of the brain. the idea of free will is meaningless
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John Locke
analogy of a sleeping man locked in a room while he is asleep
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David Hume (hard determinism)
actually a soft determinist but contributed to psychological determinism saying that we can observe patterns in the physical world
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Pavlov
dogs study- conditioned reflex
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Skinner
rat study- operant conditioning
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Laplace
if it were possible at one time to know both the position and the speed of all the particles in the world then it would be possible to know their position in the past, present or future
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challenges to scientific determinism
heisenburg uncertainty principle- chaos theory (butterfly effect)- gaia theory
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Albert Einstein
'God does not play dice' he believed that the uncertainty in nature is only provisional and that there is an underlying reality in which particles have well-defined positions and speeds according to deterministic laws, god
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St Paul
god chooses who will be saved. freedom is the ability to chose to accept god in your life. humans are free to chose how to live their lives but there final destination is determined by god
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St Augustine
argued that human will is so corrupt as a result of the fall that no human being is capable of performing a good action without the grace of god . god elects the saved. god has foreknowledge of our actions but we make the decisions
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Jean Calvin
only 5% of the human race was destined for salvation and the other 95% are samned
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soft determinist definition of freedom
liberty of spontaneity- everyone is free to act according to their nature which itself is determined by external factors
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David Hume (soft determinism)
every act had to be caused otherwise it was chance not freedom
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Jean-paul Sartre
believed that people actively determine their nature through their choices and actions, people avoided responsibility by hiding behind determinism
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conscience is god given
Augustine, Butler
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conscience is intuitive
Newman
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conscience is innate
Aquinas
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conscience and guilt
Freud
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conscience and cognition
Piaget
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authoritarian/ humanistic conscience
Fromm
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St. Augustine
conscience is the voice of god speaking to us, a tool to observe the law of god within human hearts, brings us closer to god. humans have an innate capacity to know the difference between right and wrong.
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Joseph Butler
makes moral judgement and has absolute authority. we use conscience to judge between self love and benevolence
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Cardinal John Newman
a personal sense of responsibility that have to god, 'law of the mind', the voice of god informing our moral decision-making
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Thomas Aquinas
reason seeking understanding. synderesis and conscientia- people tend to do good and avoid evil
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Sigmund Freud
society's disapproval of 'inappropriate' behaviour is internalised by the superego, the feeling of guilt is our conscience, we internalise this guilt as we grow up from the age of 5
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Jean Piaget
conscience as a part of cognitive development. two stages of moral development: heteronomous and autonomous morality
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Erich Fromm
humans influenced by authority figures who apply rules and punishments (authoritarian) conscience we use to judge ourselves as people to give our lives some moral honesty, we want to be better people rather than fear of punishment (humanistic)
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Aristotle
goal of eudaimonia, virtuous community, golden mean, good character, develop virtues through habit , follow example of virtuous people
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Alasdair MacIntyre
virtues are not fixed for all times but change over time according to cultures and traditions. three most important virtues are justice, courage and honesty
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Martha Nussbaum
she interprets aristotles virtues as absolutes claiming that justice,temperance are essential elements of human flourishing
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Rosalind Hursthouse
virtue ethics may not explain exactly how a person would or should act but it does explain how a virtuous person would think about the moral dilemma
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Philippa Foot
goodness should be seen as the natural flourishing of humans as living beings, virtues and skills are different things, we may make a deliberate mistake with a skill but not damage our reputation. virtues are beneficial to the individual + community
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examples for business ethics
ford pinto- the cooperative bank- primark
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Arne Naess
deep ecology
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James Lovelock
Gaia Hypothesis
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Ronald Hepburn
says wants statement of to not treat people as means to an end links to the proper human response to the natural environment- response of 'wonder'
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Paul Taylor
kants idea of respect for humans extended to every living organisms, sentient or non-sentient
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Korsgard
humans, as well as being rational are also animals and have animal natures, just like you would protect babies who are not yet rational
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Richard Dawkins
argues it seems inconceivable that life should 'club together' for mutual advantage - survival of the fittest
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Peter Singer
only sentient life can have intrinsic value, other organisms such as plants or rocks cannot be said to have any desires
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

non-cognitivist. emotivism. accepted that statements are expression of opinion but claimed they aren't arbitrary , based on beliefs about the world and the ways it should work

Back

C.L. Stevenson

Card 3

Front

non-cognitivist. prescriptivism. influenced by ayer and stevenson, agrees that moral statements are expressions of opinion rather than fact but we are also prescribing our opinion on to others

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

cognitivist. intuitionism. good is indefinable (like yellow) objective moral truths that are self-evident to the mature mind

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

cognitivist. intuitionism. moral obligations form immediate apprehensions, self-evident. some people have clearer intuitions than others

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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