memory flashcards

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what is the encoding of sensory, short term memory and long term memory?
sensory = original form, stm = acoustic, ltm = semantic
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what is the duration of sensory, short term and long term memory?
sensory = millisecond, stm = 18-30's, ltm = lifetime
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what is the capacity of sensory, short term and long term memory?
sensory = very large, stm = 7 plus or minus 2, ltm = unlimited
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who theorised the working memory model?
baddely and hitch (1974)
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what are the three types of long term memory?
episodic, semantic and procedural
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what are the features of episodic memory?
episodic memory is like a diary, to do with events from your life, these are complex as they involve many aspects and are time stamped
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what are the features of procedural memory?
procedural memory is actions, such as walking. you do not have to think before you remember how to do it. it is automatic and hard to explain to others.
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what are the features of semantic memory?
semantic memory is general knowledge of the world, such as what words mean. you don't remember when you learnt them. it is less personal and everyone shares it
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how do memories move from the sensory to the stm according to the multi store memory model?
by paying attention
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how do memories move from the stm to the ltm according to the multi store memory model?
by rehearsing the memory
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what is the function of the central executive?
monitors incoming data and allocates the slave systems to which task they do
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what is the function of the phonological loop?
deals with auditory information. the phonological store stores the words you hear and the articulatory processes allow maintainance rehersal so you can remember what was said
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what is the function of the visa-spatial sketchpad?
stores visual and or spacial information when required e.g recalling windows in your house. visual cache stores visual data and inner scribe records arrangement of objects.
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what is the function of the episodic buffer?
it is a temporary store for information, as it integrates visual, spacial and verbal info from other stores. it also maintains a sense of time sequencing and records events.
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what is interference?
when two pieces of information are in conflict therefore you cannot gain access to them.
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what is proactive interference?
when an older memory disrupts a new one
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what is retroactive interference?
when a newer memory disrupts a old one
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who did the study based on the effects of similarity?
mcgeoch and mcdonald (1931)
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what was the procedure of mcgeoch and mcdonalds study?
participants were asked to learn a list to 100% accuracy. given words that were either: synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, digits or no new list.
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what were the findings of mcgeoch and mcdonalds study?
performance depended on nature of second list. synonyms had the worst recall because words were similar. numbers had the best recall of first list as very dissimilar. suggests interference is strongest when items are similar
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what is retrieval failure?
this is when info initially placed in memory is associated with certain cues, but these cues aren't available so cannot access the memory.
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what is the encoding specificity principle?
proposed by tulving, suggests that cues can help only if they are present at both encoding and retrieval. the closer the retrieval cue to original cue, the better it works.
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what is context dependant forgetting?
when a memory retrieval is dependant on an external cue e.g place or weather
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what is state dependant forgetting?
when a memory retrieval is dependant on an internal cue such a sa persons state of mind e.g drunk or sad
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who conducted the study based on context dependant forgetting?
godden and baddeley (1975)
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what was the procedure of godden and baddeleys study?
deep sea divers learned word lists in one of four states: learn land, recall underwater OR learn land, recall land OR learn underwater, recall land OR learn underwater, recall underwater
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what was the findings of godden and baddeleys study?
when the context settings did not match, the recall was 40% lower than when it was. means external cues are important in recall. demonstrates context dependant forgetting.
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what are leading questions?
response bias: when the wording of a question has an effect on the way in which a person may answer the question OR substitution explanation: the question directly with the actual memory of what was witness
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who did the study for leading questions?
loftus and palmer (1974)
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what was the procedure for loftus and palmer's study?
45 participants watched clips of car accidents and were asked how fast the cars were going when they hit each other. however, used different verbs: hit, smashed, bumped, contacted, collided
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what are the findings of loftus and palmers study?
contacted average of 31.8mph but for smashed the mean was 40mph. means the leading question did change the accuracy of recall.
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what is post event discussion?
memory contamination: one persons memories of an event mixes with their own memories. memory conformity: witnesses go along with what other witnesses say because they believe the other witness is right.
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who did the study focusing on post event discussion?
gebbert et al (2003)
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what was the procedure of gabbers et al's study?
paired participants watched a video of the same crime, but filmed so both saw from different angles. they were then left alone to discuss the video before a recall test.
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what were the findings of gabbers et al's study?
71% of the participants mistakenly recalled aspects that they couldn't have seen. in a control group there was no errors.
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who conduced a study concerning the negative effects of anxiety?
johnson and scott (1976)
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what was the procedure of johnson and scotts study?
participants believed they were waiting to be in a lab study could hear an argument. in the low anxiety condition: a man walked through the waiting room with grease and a pen. high anxiety: sound of breaking glass and a man holding knife and bloody
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what was the findings of johnson and scotts study?
49% in low anxiety correctly identified him. 33% in high anxiety. idea of the tunnel theory affecting them: high anxiety focuses on the weapon.
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who conducted a study showing the positive effect of anxiety?
yuille and cutshall (1986)
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what is the procedure of yuille and cutshall's study?
a real life crime in a gun shop shot a thief dead. there were 12 eyewitnesses that wanted to be in the study. they rated how stressed they were and their interviews were compared with their police interviews.
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what is the findings of yuille and cutshall's study?
participants who reported the highest level of stress, as 88% accurate rather than 75% for less stressed groups. suggests anxiety makes you more able to remember.
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what is the inverted u theory?
proposed by yurkes and dodson, argue that the relationship between anxiety and recall is curvilinear, so mid level anxiety is good but too little or too much anxiety can cause more stress so the recall is less accurate.
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what is the the cognitive interview?
fisher and geilsman proposed that EWT can be improved by using techniques based on psychological insights. called cognitive interview as based on its cognitive theory basis.
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what is the first stage of the cognitive interview?
report everything: encouraged to include every detail even those they deem insignificant. trivial details can trigger different memories.
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what is the second stage of cognitive interview?
reinstate context: witness returns to original crime scene. need to imagine environment and emotions they were feeling. cues may trigger recall.
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what is the third stage of cognitive interview?
reverse the order: events are recalled in different chronological order to prevent people having presumptions and filling in gaps and prevents dishonesty.
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what is the fourth stage of cognitive interview?
change perspective: recall event from another persons point of view. prevents the influence of schemas and how they may could generate a framework for incoming information.
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what are the elements of enhanced cognitive interview?
includes knowing the social dynamics of interaction, asking open questions and minimising distractions.
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Front

what is the duration of sensory, short term and long term memory?

Back

sensory = millisecond, stm = 18-30's, ltm = lifetime

Card 3

Front

what is the capacity of sensory, short term and long term memory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

who theorised the working memory model?

Back

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Card 5

Front

what are the three types of long term memory?

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