Memory Key Studies

ppts - participants

STM - Short term memory

MSM - Multi-store Memory model

WMM - Working Memory Model

PED - Post Event Discussion

CI - Cognitive Interview

SI - Standard interview

ECI - Enhanced Cognitive interview

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Jacobs
Capacity STM. Recall - Numbers = 9.3. Letters= 7.3
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Sperling
Capacity SR. 3x4 word grids, 1/20th second. Good recall
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Miller
Capacity STM. 7+/-2
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Wagenaar
Capacity LTM. Diary, 2400 events over 6 years. Good recall
4 of 31
Peterson and Peterson
Duration STM. Non-sense trigrams, 3 digit backward recall. 3secs = 85%. 9secs = 20%. 18secs = 10% recall
5 of 31
Bahrick et al
Duration LTM. Graduates. 400 ppts 17-72. Recognition - 15yrs = 90%. 48yrs = 70%. Recall - 15yrs = 60%. 48yrs = 30%
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Baddeley
Coding STM/LTM. 1. Acoustically similar 1. Acoustically dissimilar. 3. Semantically similar. 4. Semantically dissimilar. STM = effected by acoustically similar. LTM = effected by semantically similar
7 of 31
Aktinson and Shiffrin
Multi-store model of memory
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Shallice and Warrington
MSM. KF, had amnesia after a motor biking accident. STM very poor when he had info read out loud to him, but was okay when he read the info himself
9 of 31
Clive Wearing
Procedural LTM. Couldn't move STMs to LTM. Still had procedural memory
10 of 31
Glanzar and Cunitz
Primary Recency effect. 2 groups of ppts given the same list of words. One group recalled words immediately after presentation, the other after 30secs. 1st words are rehearsed and transferred to LTM, last words still in STM
11 of 31
Tulving
Brain areas for LTM. 6 ppts, himself and wife included. Had to think of either semantic or episodic memory, radioactive gold. Cortical blood flow showed greater activity in the frontal cortex during episodic & in the posterior region during semantic
12 of 31
Bunge et al
Brain scans, supporting WMM
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Baddeley et al
Dual task studies. 1 condition - trace a moving point, mentally talk round F. 2nd condition - trace moving point, 'the,the'. 1st maxed out VSSP
14 of 31
Eslinger and Damasio
EVR, more than one CE. Cerebal tumour removed, good at reasoning tasks, but performed badly on decision making tasks
15 of 31
McGeoch and McDonald
Retroactive intereference. Ppts learnt lists, then another list. Ppts had to recall original list. Saming meaning = worst recall. No 2nd list = best recall
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Tulving and Psotka
Recall fell as more lists were learnt, but when given cues then recall rose again to 70%.
17 of 31
Baddeley and Hitch
Rugby players. When asked to recall the teams they had played, accurate recall did not depend on how long ago the game was, but how many games they had played
18 of 31
Godden and Baddeley
CDF. Divers learnt lists either on land or underwater. Accurate recall was 40% lower in non-matching conditions.
19 of 31
Carter and Cassady
SDF. Antihistamines (drowsy vs non-drowsy). Performance was worse when states didn't match
20 of 31
Loftus and Palmer
Leading Qs. 45 ppts shown a car crash video. 5 groups, questionnaire, critical q 'how fast were the cars travelling when they (HIT,SMASHED,COLLIDED,BUMPED,CONTACTED). Smashed = 40.5mph. Contacted = 31.8mph
21 of 31
Yuille and Cutshall
Real life Leading Qs. 13 witnesses of a shooting in Canada. Asked 2 leading qs, weren't susceptible.
22 of 31
Gabbert et al
PED. ppts watched a video of same crime from different angles, discussed with a partner, then complete recall test. 71% mistakenly recalled aspects of the event
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Johnson and Scott
Anixety. Ppts in waiting room. Low anxiety condition - greasy hands and pen (recognition = 49%). High Anxiety condition - knife and blood (recognition = 33%)
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Yuille and Cutshall
Anxiety. witnesses ranked themselves for anxiety/7. High anxiety = 88% accurate. Lowest anxiety = 75%
25 of 31
Pickel
Anxiety. Scissors, handgun, wallet, raw chicken in hairdressers. accuracy was signif lower in unusal/out of context conditions
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Deffenbacher
Anxiety. Catastrophe theory, MA 63 studies. Accuracy increases with anxiety to a point where it drops dramatically
27 of 31
Geiselman et al
CI. 89 students watched police training videos. Interviewed 48hrs later with SI or CI. CI led to more correct info but not an increase in incorrect info
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Coker
ECI better than CI.
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Kohnken
MA 53 studies. 81% increase in correct info. 61% increase in incorrect
30 of 31
Milne and Bull
Only use two bits of CI. Combination of report everything and context reinstatement is sufficient
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Sperling

Back

Capacity SR. 3x4 word grids, 1/20th second. Good recall

Card 3

Front

Miller

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Wagenaar

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Peterson and Peterson

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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