Memory

?
  • Created by: ella_mae
  • Created on: 01-02-19 12:04
What is a lab experiment ?
Where the task/environment is usually artificially set up
1 of 149
What happens to the IV and DV in a lab experiment?
The IV is deliberately manipulated and the effect of the DV is measured
2 of 149
What is an advantage of a lab experiment?
High control over extraneous variables, creating a high internal validity. Replication is more possible as a result of high level of control
3 of 149
What is a disadvantage of lab experiments?
Lack generalisation so participants may behave in unusual ways so cannot be generalised which creates a low external validity. They don't represent real life experience
4 of 149
What is a field experiment?
Where the IV is manipulated in a natural, more everyday setting
5 of 149
What is an advantage of field experiment?
Have higher mundane realism as the environment is more natural which creates results which are valid so has high external validity
6 of 149
What is a disadvantage of field experiment
Increased realism causes the loss of control of extraneous variables. Ethical issues arise also as ps being studied cannot give consent
7 of 149
What is a natural experiment?
When the researcher takes advantage of a pre-existing independent variable
8 of 149
What is an advantage of a natural experiment?
have high external validity as they involve the study of real life issues
9 of 149
What is a disadvantage of a natural experiment?
A naturally occurring event may only happen very rarely, reducing opportunities for research. Ps may not be randomly allocated to experimental conditions so the researcher will not know whether the IV affected the DV
10 of 149
What is a pilot study?
A small scale trial run to check that the procedure works
11 of 149
What is a directional hypothesis?
says which condition is expected to do better
12 of 149
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
says there will be a difference between the conditions but doesn't say which will be better
13 of 149
What are repeated measures?
measures design involves using the same participants in each condition of an experiment so each participants repeats the task
14 of 149
What are independent measures?
AN independant measures design involves using different participants in each condition
15 of 149
What are matched pairs?
A matched pairs design involves using different but similar participants in each condition of an experiment. An effort is made to match the participants in each condition on relevant characteristics that might affect the results of the experiment
16 of 149
What is a random sampling method?
Only occurs when every member of a target population has an equal chance of being selected. Can be done through random generator programmes like picking names out of a hat
17 of 149
What is opportunity sampling?
Involves selecting those participants that are around and available at the time. An effort may be made to not be biased
18 of 149
What is volunteer sampling?
Determined their own involvement in a study. They have usually volunteered in response to an advert
19 of 149
What is systematic sampling?
When every 5th, 10th or 20th member of the target population is selected
20 of 149
What is stratified sampling?
Used to make sure the composition of the sample reflects the target populationW
21 of 149
What is the Atkinson and Shriffin Multi-store model?
An explanation of how memory processes work. It was first described by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shriffin in 1968
22 of 149
What is the order of the multi-store model?
Stimuli-Sensory Register-STM-LTM
23 of 149
In the sensory register what stops information going to STM?
Forgetting by decay or displacement
24 of 149
What stops information from going to LTM after STM?
Forgetting by interference
25 of 149
What causes you to forget when information is stored in your LTM?
Decay
26 of 149
What happens in the sensory register?
Information is constantly being recieved but most of it recieves no attention so it remains in the sensory register for a very brief period of time
27 of 149
What happens to information that is in a fragile state in the sensory register?
The information will only be retained for fractions of seconds after the physical stimulus is no longer avalible
28 of 149
Who proposed the 3 seperate sensory stores that accomidate different kind of input and what are they?
Shriffin. 1. Iconic 2. Echoic 3. Haptic
29 of 149
What sort of information is accomidated in the iconic sensory store
Visual Information
30 of 149
What sort of information is accomidated in the echoic sensory store
Sound (acoustic) information
31 of 149
What sort of information is accomidated in the haptic sensory store
Touch (tactile) information
32 of 149
Who came up with the serial position curve?
Glanzer and Curitz
33 of 149
What technique was used to create the serial position curve?
A list of 30 words was read out and Ps had to remember as many as possible.
34 of 149
What did psychologists find out when using the word recall technique?
They found that free recall of a list of unrelated words produced a characteristic serial position curve
35 of 149
What does the serial position curve show?
SHows that words presented at the end of the list is recalled best, followed by reasonable recall of words at the beginning of the list. Words in the middle have the lowest recall
36 of 149
Recall of words at the beginning of the list is called what?
Primary effect
37 of 149
Recall of words at the end of the list is called what?
Recent effect
38 of 149
Whos is Clive Wearing?
A former chorus master of the London Sinfonietta who suffered a brain effect caused by the herpes simplex virus
39 of 149
What is Clive Wearing unabe to do?
Transfer new information from STM to LTM so as a result lives in a 'snap shot' of time
40 of 149
What does Clive Wearing believe has happened when he wakes up everyday?
That he has woken from years of unconciousness so reacts to people as if they have been parted for years
41 of 149
What can Clive still do?
He can still speak and walk as well as play the organ and conduct
42 of 149
What are the 3 types of LTM?
Episodic, Semantic and Procedural
43 of 149
What is Episodic LTM?
Represents our memeory of experiences and specific event in time in a serial form from which we can reconstruct the actual events that took place
44 of 149
What is an example of Episodic memory?
Remebering you recent vist to the dentist
45 of 149
What is Semantic memory?
A more structured record of facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge of the world that we have acquired
46 of 149
What is an exmaple of Semantic memory?
Knowing the name of the Prime Minister
47 of 149
What is Procedural memory?
Our memory for actions, skills or basically how to do things. These are 'knowing how to' rather than 'knowing that' memories
48 of 149
What is an exmaple of Procedural memory?
Leanring how to drive a car and our ability to do this depends on procedural memory
49 of 149
Clive Wearing can still speak, walk and play the organ. This shows he still has what type of LTM?
Procedural
50 of 149
Clive cannot remember his college when shown pictures however can recognise well known buildings. This suggests what type of LTM isn't intact?
Semantic memory and Episodic
51 of 149
What is the capacity of STM?
7 +/- 2
52 of 149
What is the duration of STM?
18-30 seconds
53 of 149
What is the encoding of STM?
Acoustic
54 of 149
How do you forget in STM?
Displacement
55 of 149
What is the capacity of LTM?
Unlimited
56 of 149
What is the duration of LTM?
Lifetime
57 of 149
What is the encoding of LTM?
Semantic
58 of 149
How do you forget in LTM?
Interference
59 of 149
What is the digit span technique?
Used to measure the capacity of STM where a list of 4 number is read out to Ps and they have to recall the items in the correct order. The list is increased until the P can no longer recall the numbers
60 of 149
The duration of STM experiement was carried out by who?
Peterson and Peterson
61 of 149
What type of experiement is the duration of STM?
Lab experiement
62 of 149
What was the procedure for this experiement?
Ps were shown a series of triagrams and were then asked to count backwards from 451. After numbered intervals they were asked to recall the triagram
63 of 149
Who carried our an experiment on the duration of LTM?
Bahrick et al
64 of 149
WHat did Bahrick et al do in his experiement?
He tested the memory of 392 graduates of an American high school of their former classmates. He used various memory tests includins the recognition of classmates pictures
65 of 149
What did Bahrick find happened to memory after the age of 47?
He found that memory dipped after 47 years
66 of 149
Who conducted the experiement of encoding in STM?
Conrad
67 of 149
What did Conrad dp in his experiment?
He showed Ps a random sequence of 6 consonants and projected them in rapid sequence on to a screen
68 of 149
What were the 2 conditions in his experiement?
1. Letters acoustically similar 2. Letters accoustically disimilar
69 of 149
What are example accoustically similar consonants?
B,G.C,T,D,V
70 of 149
What are examples of accoustically disimilar consonants?
F,J,X,M,S,R
71 of 149
Who created the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch
72 of 149
What are the basic components in the WMM?
The phonolgical loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive
73 of 149
What is the central executive?
Controls the 2 slave systems and has limited capacity
74 of 149
What does the Central executive do?
Works out the solution to a task using the visuo-sketchpad to holf a mental image while the phonolgical loop processes verbal information
75 of 149
What is the phonological loop?
It processes verbal information and has limited capacity
76 of 149
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
It processes visual inroamtion and has limited capacity
77 of 149
Where is the Articulatory control system found?
In the Phonolgical loop. Its referred to as the 'inner voice'
78 of 149
Where is the phonological store found?
In the phonological loop and is reffered to as the 'inner ear'
79 of 149
Where is the visual cache found?
In the visuo-spatial sketchpad and intakes visual images such as pictures
80 of 149
Where is the inner scribe found?
In the visuo-spatial sketchpad and intakes movement information
81 of 149
What does the word length effect support?
The Working Memory Model
82 of 149
How does the word length effect support the WMM?
WHen Ps are given lists of long words to remember they can't recall as many as they would when given short words. This supports the idea that the phonological loop has a capacity of 1.5 seconds
83 of 149
In Braher's experiement what did he do while Ps had a brain scan?
He gave Ps tasks that involved the central executive while they had a brain scan whivh showed that greater activity was in the prefrontal cortex which increased as time went on as demand on the CE makes it work harder to fullfill it's function
84 of 149
What are some strengths of the WMM?
1. MSM describes STM as being a unitary store whereas WMM describes it as a store with multiple components. 2. WMM attempts to explain how memory functions whereas MSM states it's where info is actively processed
85 of 149
What are the limitations of the WMM?
1. Little is known about the central executive and it isn't clear how it works or what it does. 2. Eslinger and Damasio conducted an experiement which showed the CE as not being a unitary store. 3. The PL should have a seperate section for musical
86 of 149
What is proactive interference?
Where material learnt first interferes with material learnt later
87 of 149
What is retroactive interference?
Where material leant at a later time interferes with our ability to recall material leant at an earlier time
88 of 149
what did Underwood find when researching Proactive Interference?
That the more nonsense syllable lists his students had previously learnt, the greater their forgetting of new nonsense syllables was after a 24 hour delay
89 of 149
Why did this occur?
Because the new nonsense syllables became increasingly confused with those from old lists
90 of 149
What did McGeoch and Macdonald find in their research of Retroactive interference?
They presented Ps who had learnt a list of words with various types of interference lists to learn for 10 minuites afterwards. Recall of the original words was must lower when the interference list was similar to the orginal list.
91 of 149
What do researchers believe is the cause of failure to retrieve information?
They believe that the cues that were encoded with the memory are no longer avaliable to help us when we try to retrieve it
92 of 149
What are the 2 types of cue dependant forgetting?
Context dependant forgetting and State dependant forgetting
93 of 149
What is context dependant forgetting?
Where external retrieveal cues during learning are missing during recall
94 of 149
What is an example of context dependant forgetting?
Students do less well on a test if they do the test in a different room from their usual classroom
95 of 149
What is state dependant forgetting?
When the internal retrieval cues during learning are missing during recall
96 of 149
What is an exmaple of State dependant forgetting?
People who learn material in a happy mood are better able to later recall that material if they are happy
97 of 149
What is an eye witness testimony?
The observation of people presnt at the time of an incident
98 of 149
What is a leading question?
A question that implies a particular answer is correct or should be given
99 of 149
Whats an exmaple of a leading question?
Did you see the broken glass?
100 of 149
What are the 3 stages whihc eye witness memory goes through according to the information processing views of memory?
1. The witness encodes the event. 2. The witness stores the event. 3. The witness retrieves the event
101 of 149
What was the aim of Loftus reconstruction of an autobile experiement?
To test that the language used in EWT can alter memory
102 of 149
What was the prodedure for this experiement?
45 AMericans students were approached by the reaserchers on campus. 7 films of traffic accidents were presented to each group. After watching they were asked specific questions using verbs like; Smashed/collided/bumped/hit/contacted
103 of 149
What were the findings of the experiement?
The estimated speed of the car was affected by the vern used.
104 of 149
What does the response bias explanantion suggest?
That the wording of the question has no real effect on participants memory, but just influences how they decide to answer
105 of 149
Why does the experiement lack ecological validity?
As watching film clips of crashing cars is not the same as witnessing it in real life
106 of 149
Many of the studies on EWT used what type of group design?
Independant group design which reduces demand characteristics as Ps can't figure out the hypothesis
107 of 149
What is a benefit to not getting fully informed consent?
Deception was used which means that the Ps didn't know the aim of the experiement which reduces demand characteristics
108 of 149
What does valid mean?
Generally thought to be true. It refers to whether a piece of research is a true reflection
109 of 149
What 4 things affect validity?
1. Poor control. 2. Demand characteristics. 3. Order effects. 4. Lab experiments
110 of 149
How does poor control affect validity?
If there was a lack of control then the results may simply reflect other factors rather than the intended
111 of 149
How do demand characteristics affect validity?
If the Ps guess the aim of the experiement they couldnt change their response and the results would not be valid
112 of 149
How do order effects affect validity?
If the Ps become practiced, tired or bored then the results lack validity
113 of 149
How do lab experiements affect validity?
If the environment/task that is carried out does not relate to everyday life the study lacks ecological validity
114 of 149
What is the definition of reliability?
If a study can be replicated and similar results are obtainied each time it is considered to be reliable
115 of 149
What is socially sensitive research?
Research can have implications for society if it affects the participants involved as well as others or institutions
116 of 149
Who conducted the experiment where a car accident as shown to p's?
Loftus and Zanni
117 of 149
In Loftus and Zanni's experiment what experimental design was used?
Independant groups
118 of 149
What was the procedure for this experiement?
Ps were shown a brief film clip of a car accident. Half the ps were asked if they had seen 'the' broken headlight and the other half were asked if they had seen 'a' broken headlight
119 of 149
What were the results of this experiment?
17% in the 'the' group said yes compared to 7% in the 'a' condition
120 of 149
What is the conclusion for this experiment?
Leading questions can distort memory
121 of 149
Why do Loftus' experiments have high internal validity?
His experiments were carefully controlled
122 of 149
Why do Loftus' experiments lack ecological validity?
His experiments do not represent real life as the Ps may not feel the same kind of responisbility as a real witness would as they know it's not real
123 of 149
What is an alternative viewpoint to Loftus and Zannis experiment?
Baddely critisises Loftus' research by suggesting that leading questions simply interfere with finding the original memory rather than changing it
124 of 149
What are schemas?
A cluster of knowledge developed in early childhood, about people, objects adn events
125 of 149
What is an example of a schema being used?
If a friend told you they went to a restaurant last night, you do not need to be told all the details such as being seated, choosing a meal or waiting for the bill because we already have existing restaurant schemas
126 of 149
Why can schemas be bad?
They can influence the way in which we interpret and remember events which then affects how information is later recalled
127 of 149
Who conducted the eperiment aboout post event discussion?
Gabbert et al
128 of 149
What did Gabbert et al do in his experiment?
He asked Ps in pairs to watch a video of the same crime, each from a different angle. The 2 Ps were then allowed to discuss
129 of 149
What did the researchers find in post event discussion?
That 71% of Ps reported seeing aspects of the event that they have picked up from discussion, but couldn't possibly have seen from the video
130 of 149
What does the Yerkes-Dobson law state about anxiety?
That as anxiety or stress levels increase so does memory, but only to a certain point
131 of 149
Who conducted the experiment called 'The weapon effect'?
Johnson and Scott
132 of 149
What was the procedure of this experiement?
Ps sat outside a lab. In the 1st group Ps overheard an argument accompanied by breaking glass and a man leaving with a blood stained knife. The 2nd overheard a discussion and then a man leaving with a pen
133 of 149
What were the results of this experiment?
The Ps were asked to pick out a photo of the man from a chocie of 50. In the low anxiety condition 49% correctly identified the pen man. Only 33% correctly identified the knife man
134 of 149
Whats the tunnel theory?
This supports the theory; witnesses focus their attention on the weapon rather than the perpetrator
135 of 149
What are the 4 things used in cognative interview?
1. Report everything. 2. Reinstate the context. 3. Reverse the order. 4. Change perspective
136 of 149
What does it mean to report everything?
Witnesses are encourged to include every detail of an event, even if it's irrelevent or the witness doesn't feel confident
137 of 149
What does it mean to reinstate the context?
Witnesses should return to the orginial crime scene in their mind and imagine the environment and their emotions
138 of 149
What does it mean to reverse the order?
This is done to prevent people from reporting their expectations of how the event happened rather than the actual event also while preventing dishonesty
139 of 149
What does it mean to change perspective?
Witnesses should recall the incident from other peoples perspectives This is done to distribute the effect of expectations and schema on recall
140 of 149
What is quantitive data?
Numerical data eg- number of words correctly recalle, scores on a test
141 of 149
What are the 3 measures of central tendency
Mean, Mode, Median
142 of 149
What is an advantage and disadvantage of mean?
It's the most sensitive measure but can be difficult to calculate or can be distorted by extreme scores
143 of 149
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Mode
Not influenced by extreme scores and is quick and easy to calculate however it it mathmatically crude and not useful if there are several modes
144 of 149
What is an advantage and disadvantage of median?
Can't be distorted by extreme scores but it is too simplistic
145 of 149
What are the 3 meaasures of dispersion?
Range, Standard Deviation and Qualitive data
146 of 149
What's an advantage and disadvantage of range?
Quick and easy to calculate however it is a crude measure as it can be distorted by extreme measures
147 of 149
What is standard deviation and give an advantage and disadvantage of it?
Average amount of scores deviated. It is mathmatically sensitive using all data however is difficult and time consuming
148 of 149
What is qualiative data and give an advantage and disadvantage of it?
Language based data eg- interviews, questionnaires, observations, case studies. The data is rich, detailed and reflects real life however is less objective, difficult to collect and analyse
149 of 149

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What happens to the IV and DV in a lab experiment?

Back

The IV is deliberately manipulated and the effect of the DV is measured

Card 3

Front

What is an advantage of a lab experiment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a disadvantage of lab experiments?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a field experiment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Memory resources »