Memory

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What are the features of the sensory register?
temporarily stores info from our senses, 1/4-1/2 a second, dissapears through spontaneous decay of we dont pay attention
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What is the study on the sensory register?
Sperling (1960) - ppts shown grid with 3 rows of 4 letters for 50 milleseconds. recalled av 3 on specific rown - could have been 3 on any row so almost whole grid in sensory register
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What are the features of STM?
limited durration (0-18s), limited capacity (7+/-2), mainly acoustic coding
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Study on duration of STM?
Peterson and Peterson (1959) - lab ex, 24 ppts asked to recall trigrams, to prevent rehearsal ppts asked to count back from a given number, ppts asked to recall trigram after 3,,6,9,12,15, or 18s, 3s = 80% recall, 18s + less than 10% recall
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Study on capacity of STM?
Jacobs (1887) - string of letters and numbers. AND Millers magic number (1956) chunking
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Features of LTM?
unlimited capacity (permenant), coding = semantic, unlimited duration, episodic, semantic and procedual memory
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Study on LTM?
Bahrick et al (1975) very long term memories - 15 years of leaving school = 90% accuracy of recognising names and faces, 60% accuracy on free recall. 30 years = free recall 30% accurate
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What is episodic memory?
storing info about events that we have expereinced in out lives
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What is procedual memory?
responsible for knowing how to do thinggs (motor skills) e.g. walking
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What is semantic memory?
responsible for storing info about the world, i.e. meanings and facts
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What was the study that investigated coding in STM and LTM?
ppts given 4 sets of words that were either acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissmiliar. ppts asked to recall words either immediately or after 20 min task. ppts had problems recalling acoustically similar immediately n semanti
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who created the multi-store memory model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
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What are the stores in multi store memory model?
Sensory register, STM and LTM
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What is an important part in MSM?
Rehearsal
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How does the primary effect study support MSM?
ppts able to recall first items better than middle/last - earlier items have been rehearsed and transferred to LTM
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How does recency effect study support MSM?
ppts able to remember last items. STM limited capacity so words in middle of list, if not rehearsed are displaced by last words
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How does HM case study support MSM?
he suffered epilepsy. seizeres based in hippocampus. doctors removed part of brain around the area, reduced epilepsy but gave memory loss. he could remember STM but couldnt create LTM. DIFF TYPES - SEPERATE SYSTEMS
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Strenghts of MSM?
gives us a good understanding of structure and process of STM - researchers can expand
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Weakneses of MSM?
In real life ppl dont spend time rehearsing, model is oversimplified - assumes only one LTM store
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Who developed the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
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What is the key componenr which is also described as 'attention'
Central executive - limited capacity and controls 'slave systems'
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What are the slave systems?
Phonological loop, episodic buffer and visuo-spatial sketchpad
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What does the phonological loop do?
holds speech-based info. 2 parts - phonological store (inner ear) stores what you hear and an articulatory process which is an inner voice which rehearses info by repeating it
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What does the episodic buffer do?
briefly stores info from the other subsytems and integrates it together
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What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?
tekp memory ststem for holding visuo and spatial info
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One strength of WM?
supported by dual-task studies - easier to do two tasks at the same time if they use diff processing sytems.
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One stength of wm?
KF study - suffered brain damage from accident that damadged his STM - impairment was mainly for verbal info - visual info unaffected - shows seperate STM component for visual and verbal info
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One weakness of WM?
central executive oversimplified and vague, doesnt explain much of what it is other than attention
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One weakness of WM?
Model only explains how info is dealt with in STM not how it is transferred to LTM
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One weakness of WM?
Supporting research done by lab studies - reduces ecological validity, highly controlled studies may not be representative of real world
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What is forgetting?
Forgetting from STM = availability problem - limited capactity or limited duration. info pushed out or displaced. Forgetting in LTM = info stored but hard to retrieve (acessibility), or confused (interference)
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What is interference?
Where your ability to remember is affected by having learnt something similar before or since
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What is retroactive interference?
NEW INFO INTERFERES WITH ABILITY TO REVALL OLDER INFO
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Study for retroactive interference?
Underwood and Postman (1960) - lab ex, split into 2 groups. both given list of paired words, expereimental given second list of paired words where first word in pair same as first word in other list. control group = no 2nd list. recall better in cont
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What is proactive interference?
OLDER INFO INTERFERS WITH ABILITY TO RECALL NEW INFO
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Study on proactive interference?
Underwood (1957) - looked at results of studies in forgetting over 24hr period. people who had already learnt 15 or more word lists during same ex, day later recall = 20%. those who hadnt learnt others = 80%
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Strengths of interference?
Supported by studies. Real life application - might struggle to remember french vocab if also studying german
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Weaknesses of interference?
Effects seem much greater in artifical lab settings than real life. theory doesn't go into vog/bio processes involved - doesnt fully explain why or how interference happens
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What is retrieval failure?
Recall can depend on getting the right cues, tge info available in LTM can not be recalled because of absence of approp cues - available but not accessible
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What are the different types of cues?
Context (exterbal cues in environment e.g. smell, place), state (bodily cues e.g. mood) and orgaisation (structure which provides triggers)
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What was Tulving and Psotka (1971) study in relation to recall?
each ppt given 1,2,3,4,5, or 6 lists of 24 words, each lsit divided into 6 cateories of 4 words, words presented in ccategory order. one condition - total free recall and other given categ names (cue recall-these did better)
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What was Baddeley (1975) deep sea diver study?
One group memorized list of words on beach and other underwater, when asked to recall half of the ebach learners remaiined on beacg, the rest recalled underwater, those who recall in same place recalled 40% more than those in diff environment
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Weakness of interference?
ecological validity can be questioned in studyies BUT their findings are supported by evidence outside lab
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What is eye witness testimony?
It's the evidence provided by peoplewh have witnessed a crime/event - relies on recall. witnesses often inaacurate - has implications for police interviews
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Who investigated the misleading information as a factor effecting EWT?
Loftus and Palmer (1974) they used leading questions
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What was Loftus and Palmer (1974) first study?
ppts shown film of car crash, asked series of Q's like "how fast do you think the cars were going when they hit?" in diff conditions "hit" changed to smashed, collided, bumped, contracted. in 'smashed' condition - highest speed estimated
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What was Loftus and Palmer (1974) second study?
ppts split into 3 groups, one froup 'smashed', 2nd group 'hit' third group no word. a week later they were asked 'did you see any broken glass?' - more likely to say yes if in smashed condition
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Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer (1974) studies?
implications for police interviews but artifical eexpereiment - not as emotionally arousing as real life evnt. experimental design = demand characteristics - leading Q's gives clues about nature of experiment - reduces reliability/validity
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What was Shaw et al (1977) study of post-event discussion as a factor in the effects of EWT?
paired ppts with confederate, pairs shown vid of staged robbery and interviewed together afterwards. ppt and confederate alternated who answered first, when ppt first recall accuracy = 58%, when confed first accuracy of ppt = 67%,
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Why is anxiety a factor that can affect EWT?
small increases in ansxiety and arousal may increase accuracy of memory, but high levels have neg effct as witness may focus on central details like a weapon and neglect other details
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What was a study into anxiety as a factor?
Loftus (1979) - indepen group design. one condition man came out of room with pen and grease on hands, second man came out with knief covered in blood. ppts asked to identify man from 50 pics. cond 1 = 49% accurate. cond 2 - 33% accurate.
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What are evaluative points of this study?
High eco valid, didnt know was staged, but this means ethical considerations - ppts couldve been distressed
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What is the cognitive interview?
developed to increase accuracy of EWT, developed by Geiselman et al (1984)
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What are the techniques of cog interview?
Context reinstatement (recreate situation), recall from diff persepctive, recall in reverse order, report everything
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What are limitations of cog interview?
time consuming - takes longer than standard interview. also time consuming to train police offivers to use this method. some elements of cog interview more valable than others e.g. report everything and context reinstatement combined
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the study on the sensory register?

Back

Sperling (1960) - ppts shown grid with 3 rows of 4 letters for 50 milleseconds. recalled av 3 on specific rown - could have been 3 on any row so almost whole grid in sensory register

Card 3

Front

What are the features of STM?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Study on duration of STM?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Study on capacity of STM?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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