Medieval World- Crisis in Kingship

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 24-04-17 12:23
FOr Kingship and monarchy and the introduction, what kind of power did they have?
Secular power
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What kind of framework does monarchy provide to ensure what about society?
IT provides political and legal framework to ensure society runs smoothly,
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What was the monarchial structure in Western Europe?
Monarchies of Western Europe came in all diferent shapes and sizes
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Is there other types of political organisation?
onarchy is the common form of political organisation in the medieval
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Monarchy is a society organised how?
It is a society that is organised in a pyramid fashion with one individual holding the most power
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Is this power absolute?
It doesn't have to be
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Give an example of somewhere where monarhcy wasn't the universal system?
Italian state- Italy divided into many smaller city states where power waslocated in the centre of each of these states
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Instead what kind of organisation politically did they have?
Oligarchical so power was wielded by committee by the most powerful merchants of these repsective city states,
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How urbanised was Italy so what was the result of this with power?
It was heavily urbanised, more than England and France so power concentrated in the cities
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Monarchy is a form of government based on what?
Consensus
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How does the King rule in a monarchy?
They dont rule by dictate but the King rules with consent and support of his subjects. It was in the interests of the people to maintain and uphold the King's power,
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Why was it in the interests for peope to uphold the power of the King?
As it was generally agreed that monarchy was the most effective way of providing social harmony
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Therefore, what does monarchy suggest society needs from a ruler?
A ruler whose power if generaly unchallegned and can keep society in order,
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How does a monachy allow the Kingdom's resources to be exploited in an effective way?
If the Kingdom needs to defend itself from an external enemy, having a King to grant taxation or serve in the army is most effective way of ensuring collective security and stability,
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For what made the monarchy, what was needed to be a King based on blood?
Noble/ Royal blood was needed- He needed a legitimate line of succession,
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Why did Kings have to trace their ancestry back as far as possible and an example?
They needed to reinforce his legitimacy to rule, e.g. Edward VI, an usurper King traced his legitimacy to find his acneint linage went back to God
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What else was needed to be King based on the church?
Piety- He was the defender lf the Church
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For example, what did the Wilton Diptych in 1395 depict Richard II as?
AS King by divine right.
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What did the King have to show in terms of religion?
He had to show he is a Christian King, although this doesn't make a King successful
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Give an example with Henry VI?
He was extremely pious and was the founder of King's college camrbidge and he still lost his throne to Edward VI.
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How linked were the crown and church?
It is hard to separate the state or crown from the church
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What is another thing that made a monarchy based on peace?
Peacemarker/ peacekeepers- They were expected to be a peacemaker on an international scale
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What was the King expected to ensure about other states to avoid what?
He was expected to ensure negotiations with other states were to be conducted and to avoid unavoidable bloodshed of his people
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What is one of the pressures that undermines the peacemaking terms?
A desire by many Kings to go on a crusade, especially England and France
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Wascrusades common at this time?
Yes, many countries such as England, Scotland and France pulled their resources together to attack the Middle East
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What was another thing Kings had to be based on law and justice?
The king was expected to make and keep laws to ensure laws were available
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What did this lead to the setting up of?
This led to setting up a legal structure, courts of law, to provide justify efficiently and effectively
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Who were the least effective Kings on this requirement?
Thse who failed to live up to requirements/ expectations and failed to provide justice where it was needed among his subjects
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What is another requirement of being King based on chivalry?
Chivalry- Warrior Kings/ military leaders
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Who was the archetype warrior King?
Henry V- Agincourt 1415
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How is society in this period based on the military?
it was heavily militarised
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Who are defined by their military ethos?
Landowners, gentry, nobleman
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As head of society, what is the King expected to be?
A military leader to lead his armies to victory
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Although, how is the tension overcome from the idea the King needs to be a peacemaker?
A good war is a defensive war, but a King cannot be a war monger
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WHat happens if a King doesn't live up to thes expectations?
Some Kings are deposed
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For categories of monarchy, what are the three types of Kingship and an example fo where?
1) Notional Kingship- Holy ROman EMpire 2) Feudal Kingship- France 3) Sovereign Kingship- England
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For category 1, notional Kingship, what is this?
This is where the King exercises power in name but not in practice- His power is notional or hypothetical. He doesn't command much authority
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When was Fredrick II HOly ROman Empire from and to?
1212-1250
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What was his family like?
He came from the Head of a noble household
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What washis relationship like with the papacy?
He was frequently at war with them
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What did the Holy Roman Empire consist of?
It was in the middle of Europe- Germany, Northern Italy, Austria, Czech Republic etc
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Why is it known as the holy Roman Empire?
The Emperor's power derives from the Pople- It is endorsed by the Pope
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When a new Holy Roman Emperor succeeded, what did he have to do?
He had to travel to ROme to be crowned- A custom began in 800 with the coronation of Charlemagne
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The Pope giving political legitimacy to the Emperor shows what?
It shows why the Emperor doesn't wield a significant amount of authority in the Empire
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For why Empire, how many lesser units known as what is it made up of?
-20 or so principalities
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What was each geographical area ruled by?
a Duke or Prince e.g. Lorraine ,Saxony,
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Were these regions independent?
Esentially- They were virtually self-governing. For example the DUke of Bavaria woudl rarely have his ruling of the region interfered with by the HOly Roman Emperor
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For why does the Emperor have such little influence based on how they gained the position?
As they wre elected to office. They didn't inherit their position and no continual line of succession through the centuries
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Where did the Emperors come from based on their families?
Their families were from the ruling states and came from a range of the states,
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Which Noble family name dominated the Holy Roman Emperor from when to when?
Hohenstaufen, 1137-1254
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For consequences, what was the difference between the Emperor and hereditary positons based on power?
Rule of the Emperor didn't command as much power as hereditary positions could comman due to its electoral system,
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What is another difference based on their legitimacy?
A hereditary King's position to rule was difficult to challenge when he is the natural successor to the throne whereas when elected, the positon is less secure and more scope to challenge the throne,
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What is another consequence based on centralisation?
It prevents centralisation so the Emperor finds it difficult to assert his authority and so unable to consolidate his power,
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As a result, the Holy Roman EMpire never becomes what? It starts as what and ends as what?
-It never becomes unified, -Starts in 800 as federation of separate states and remains so up until the early modern period,
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For category 2, what is the definition of feudal?
Reciprocal relationship between lord and vassal based on landholdings so one where he draws heavily on his own domains and own land
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What is feudal Kingship then?
He has suzerainty over a much larger geographical area, and over other Lords who are his vassals
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What is the definition of domain?
Land held directly by the king. It doesn't represent all the lands in which the King has influence over but those he directly controls,
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What si the definition of Suzerainty?
Sovereign exercising control
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What is a vassal?
An individual who pays homage to the King
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In Early Medieval France, how was it politically ruled and how did it have a similarity with Italy?
In other areas such as Normandy, Toulouse etc they had their own rulers like the Holy Roman empire, but here there were the vassals of th King of France
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In the 11th century, how was the King of Frances' power and authority in rlation to the Holy Roman Emperors?
They were on par- THey were weak as their domain was so small.
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At the beginning, how did one become King?
It was on an electoral basis like Italy
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Who was the first elected King of France and when did this system remain until?
Hugh Capet elected King in 987, and remained unbroken until 1328
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Why did the system change?
The Capetians and their successors became hereditary Kings unlie the Empire
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Before, what was the problem with the King and land?
His royal domain was small and as a result his power had little influecne and made i difficult to rule
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How did this change with the move to hereditary based on spreading their influence?
The Capetian dynasty began to assert their authority more aggressively over the Kingdom of France by asserting their lawship over France
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What di they insist the Dukes of France do?
Perform homage to the King in recognition he is the superior Lord in the Kingdom
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Overtime, how does the Medieval France grow ?
Overtime the French monarch acuires more land which comes under its own control
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What does land lead to?
Wealth, which leads to power and then influence
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In 300 years or so, how has the French monarchy transformed France?
It has transformed the geo-political map of France- The crown is the most prominent land owner of the Kingdom
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For category 3 and sovereign Kingship, what is this?
This is when a King's power is not restricted by territorial or feudal mattersand can assert their authority completely in his own Kingdom
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By the 15th century, what country had reached this type of Kinghsip?
France
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Do they have control of the Kingdom's resources, showing they have what king of system?
Yes they have control, specifically financial resources, -It entails a centralised system of government and their ability to demand and collect taxes,
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What did the King also have control over based on the military?
Control of coercion- This means monopolising the right to raise and unraise military forces,
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How does this differ to France and the Holy Roman Empire?
There are regions in which the rulers have their own abilities to raise theri own army
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WHat do they also control based on persecution?
They control the means of persecution e.g. the Church
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what led England to be a compact centralised Kingdom?
It was a result of the Norman conquest in 1066 and William I's seizure of the throne
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When William I comes over and tkaes the throne, how does he take hold of England for himself?
He branches out his land with his supporters, but in a feudal way on condition the men who rule these lands provide him with service and money, and acknowledge the crown owns the land they have
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How does he give the land in 1066?
He doesn't deliberately give on chunk of land to Dukes but scatteed across England
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What was the reason for William I doing this?
It means they cannot raise military forces and stops challenges to the King,
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If Kings of England have so much power, isn't theri authority rarely challenged?
No- Deposed Kings occured between 1200-1500
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How many times did it happen from 1200-1500 and give two examples of when thsi occured?
-6 times, -Edward II (1327) and Richard III (1485)
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Did this happen in France? So what does this show about centralisation?
It didn't happen so it shows that centralisation wasn't stable
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Wilkinson argues there are three widely held views about Richard's rule. First, what does he argue about Richard's Government in the 1390s?
Richards government in late 1390s was widely unpopular and so contributed in an important way to his deposition
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What is the second view Wilkinson argues based on his supporters?
He had few supporters and none of them rallied to hsi cause in the summer of 1399
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What is the third view Wilkinson emphasises based on his challenge?
There was widespread enthusiasm for Henry Bolingbroke's 'challenge' to the crown,
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How have historians condemned Richard II's government?
They have condemned it as unsuccessful, unpopular and doomed
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What is Barron's overall argument about Richard II and Kingship?
He was inappropriate for kinship- he didn't enjoy war and got on badly with the nobility asnd wasn't one of the 'lads' so diferent from his grandfather,
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Did Richard take up his duties of Kingship well?
No, he seemed to be slow at taking on the tasks- He was 22 before he formally took up the reins
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What was the problem with governing the Kingdom?
Edward III hadn't made provisions for how the Kingdom should be governed- Solution was to appoint a series of governing councils on which a selection of knights, clerks, bishops and magnates sit
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Was was the serious problem facing the councils based on France?
The defence of the Kingdom- The English presence in France was dependent on maintain garrisons,
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How many times in Richard's reign did the English mount extensive military campaigns in the Iberian peninsula and the results?
-Twice, -Both times failed
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What was anotehr serious problem facing the council base on a wife?
A suitable wife was needed for the young King
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What kind of women were they looking for?
They wanted a political purpose of the marriage to secure a powerful ally against the French, with a substantial dowry and a fecund Queen
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Who did they choose and was she these things?
Anne,, daugther of the Emperor Charles IV of Bohemia, -She provided none of these things but was a faithful and sensitive wife and caused no friction in court,
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What event occured during his reign which causeda serious population decline?
Black Death of 1348-9 which dislocated the English economy
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When did a revolt occur and what was the reason?
1381, -Taxation may have caused it as well as injustices to rural life
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What did Richard do during this situation?
He disinclined to take up the reins of Kingship and the continual councils in 1380 discontinued
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What situation involving taxes did Richard no sort out?
He was unable to raise either direct or indirect taxation without first seeking support of the Commons although Richard didn't do so
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What was the result with the Commons and their views on Richard?
They became increasingly critical of royal policy
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Where did Richard attempt to intervene in the 1380s and how?
Lomdon- He built up a party in the city and chose to support the radical John of Northampton, urging Londoners to re-elect him as mayor in 1382
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What was Richard increasingly having trouble with?
He had difficulty in establishing his own authority independent of the daunting reputation of his dead father and the overbearing presence of his Uncle, John of Gaunt
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When did Richard announce he was ready to rule the Kingdom himself?
1389 at the age of 22
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Once this was declared, how did he deal with foreign policy?
He consistently pursued for peace with France. From 1389 a series f truces maintained the status quo
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What was Richard's intention based on all of his land?
He was to make himself the effective ruler of all his Kingdom and not simply of the South-East,
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In the 1390s, what was his policy towards the COuncil and Parliament?
He took the trouble to impose both influence and control on both
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How did Richard attempt to develop royal power based on the church?
He attempted to develop royal power with an alliance with the church- He saw it as a source of power and authority
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What does Barron therefore argue about Richard's court?
It was splendid- The Wilton Diptych, Westminister Hall he remodelled from 1394 reveals the scale of his vision of monarchy an the 40 page inventory of the contents of his treasury shows his wealth
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Wilkinson-What article of deposition embodied in the official 'record and process' and accused Richard of what?
It accusedRichard of violating his Coronation oath. Doubtless he did on occasion, but more so than say Edward I or others?
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For the development of the Medieval state, what does centralisation no equate to?
With political stability or strength of royal authority
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What is the definition of a state?
An organised political community under one government
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When does the state acquire a meaning closer to modernity?
Not until the 15th century- Closeto power,rule and governments
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Did contemporaries have a conception of the state as we might think of today?
They use terms instead such as Kingdoms, country, nation etc.
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What three things needed to be looked for for astate in the medieval period?
1) Sovereignty, 2)Territoriality 3) Conceptual
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What was sovereignty?
A form of political organisation in which the state is the highest power. No outsie interference in its affairs.
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What are the five key concepts in sovereignty?
1) Centralisation 2)Taxation 3) Parliament 4) Wagin war 5) the church
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What is centralisation?
The idea of a King ruling from the centre of power and the regions and localities that make up his Kingdom
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what ssytem did this develop from?
Feudalism- THis depends on decentralised power wich was delegated to people
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Which country is most centralised?
England
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For centralised royal justice, who was described as the founder of English common law and why?
Henry II (1154-89)- Described as this as it rules were applied to everyone
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What did a centralised law and order lead to the development of?
Law courts based on Westminister, Royal Justices. judges who go out into the country and use the law,
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For taxation, who could implement this?
The King to tax his subjects,
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Which ruler saw the growth of national taxation?
Henry III
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What institution is needed for taxation?
A representative institution such as Parliament and then tax collectors,
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What is the role of Parliament?
Law making and taxation
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In the late 13th century, Parliament becomes the exclusive venue for what?
The creation of new statutory laws and legislation
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Why was there symbolic importance to the parliament?
Symbolic importance of the great men of the realm sitting on wool- A source of the nations wealth
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For waging war, this is an act for who?
The sovereign
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What is used to fund war?
Taxation
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What would happen if a nobleman raised an army?
They would ne accused of treason
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For the church, in a centralised state, what is the difference with the church?
It becomes more closely under the control of the King rather than papcy
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In this period, generally who exercises control over the period normally?
The papcy, and bishops and aboots owe their allegiance to the Pope
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However, as the national church becomes more important, who do the archbishops see their loyalty with?
With the English crown,
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For a state and territoriality, the rule of the ruler of a state is defined in terms of what?
A fixed territorial space,
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Up until the 12th century, what was the King known as?
Rex Anglorum- King of the English
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From the 13th cneutyr, what was the King known as?
Rex Anglie- King of England
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What is the earliest maP?
Gough Map 1360
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What does the Gough Map show about mid 14th century England?
It shows they have a realisation for the extent and shape of the land, coastline, demography and geography, the principal towns and how they relate to one another,
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What is there a growth in baed on superiority?
Growth in xenophobia and ENglish superiority begins to grow,
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For state and conceptual, it isn't just about personal rule, about also about what?
About the King and his minsiters riding through the localities defining who belongs to which territorial block,
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Arguably what could be the underlying dynamic of state bulding?
War
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How could war lead to the buiding of a state?
War->money (defence, armies)->Growth of government (lcoal officers to adminster, central offices to organise and parliament-> Centralisation
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Would historians support this?
Yes- ture fo England in 14th and 15th centuries
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For Franc,e when is there a growth of royal power?
11th-15th centuries
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FOr the alternative model to war, for centralisation what does this hinge on the relatinship betwee?
The crown, -Towns and urban centre, -Aristocracy
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In France, what are urban centres like?
Small scale- Not hge level of urbanisation
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Why are towns relatively weak?
As inhabitants geel vulnerable to local nobility,
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AS a result, who do urban oligarchies gravitate towards?
The crown for protection from the nobiltiy
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Give an example of how the crown and town came together against the nobility with Louis X?
Introduced a charter to allow towns to trade with each other and seekin King's intervention to facilitate economic growth,
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What happens to the nobility?
French crown's revenue begins to outstrip the French nobility as the French Kings have exclusive access to the wealth of these towns,
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In Germany, or the Holy Roman Empire, who does the crown decide to make a relationship with?
Aristocracy so not the town
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What do the Princes do their ut most to do?
Undermine the Empire to keep their power,
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When is the defining moment of this in the 13th century?
Fredrick II in the first half of the 13th century- EMpire faces challenges from Princes as well as towns as well as Italian city stats,
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At this point he makes an alliance with the princes. What does he do?
he impoverishes himself and gives this economic power to local authorities,
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What is a side effect of this on towns?
Towns feel vulnerable and art the mercy of the local lords. THey form their own alliances made of many towns and cities in North Germany
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What happens to central power?
It is not allowed to flourish as the wealth from urban centres is channelled to the Princes rahter than Emperor
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For Italy, what was the level of urbanisation like?
it outstripped anythign else in Western Europe,
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Give an example based on Florence and Norther Germany in 1280 and army?
Northern Germany could raise a force of 10,000 men but FLorence aloen could muster 12,000 men
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Italian states on their own were powerful enough for what?
To exist and defend themselves without seeking the support of an external power
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Therefore, what does this show about centralisation?
it depends on a number of factors- War isn't the only cause of centralisation and power depends on control fo resources,
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What kind of framework does monarchy provide to ensure what about society?

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IT provides political and legal framework to ensure society runs smoothly,

Card 3

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What was the monarchial structure in Western Europe?

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Card 4

Front

Is there other types of political organisation?

Back

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Card 5

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Monarchy is a society organised how?

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