Medicines and Testing New Drugs

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What is immunisation?
When you give a person a vaccine to prevent them becoming ill from a disease.
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What does a vaccine contain?
Antigens from the pathogen, often in the form of dead or weakened pathogens.
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What happens in the body once its given a vaccine?
The person's lymphocytes produce antibodies against the pathogen and also memeory lymphocytes.
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What happens if a person is infected with the real pathogen once given a vaccine for it?
The memory lymphocytes will give a very rapid secondary response to the pathogen. This means the person is unlikely to get ill.
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Plasma Cells
Involved in the primary immune response. Only survive for afew days. Secrete antibodies directly. Response is slow.
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Memory Cells
Involved in the secondary immune response. Circulate in the blood and tissu efluid. When they encounter the antigen from the primary response they divide rapidly. Response is rapid and the person won't get ill.
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Explain why immunisation only protects you from one kind of disease.
Each pathogen has a particular antigen. The immune system produces antibodies that are exactly the right shape to fit those antigens. Other pathogens have antigens of another shape and will not work with that specific antibody.
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What are antibiotics?
Medicaines used to treat bacterial infections.
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How do antibiotics work?
It will either kill a bacteria or suspend it's growth. Specific bacteria are only killed by a specific antibiotic, so the right antibiotic must be used. One way it works is to damage the cell wall of the bacteria.
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Why are antibiotics so useful in the treatment of bacterial diseases in humans?
They don't inhibit the cell processes because human cells don't have cell walls.
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How come penicillin doesn't inhibit plant's cells processes?
Becuase a plant's cell wall has a different structure to a bacterial cell wall and penicillin is specific to a bacterial cell wall.
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Explain why antibiotics can't be used against viruses?
An antibiotic kills bacteria, but viruses aren't alive meaning they can't be killed. This is why your immune sytsem is needed to break up and destroy viruses (not kill them).
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What does it mean when bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?
This means that the antibiotic is no longer effective at killing or inhibiting them.
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How does bacterial resistance happen?
Some bacteria are susceptible and are killed by the antibiotic however some are resistant and are not killed. Now only resistant bacteria are left. You then stop taking the antibiotic. The resistant bacteria reproduce.
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What happens once the bacteria are resistant?
Once they reproduce and spread, they cause infection that can't be treated becuase now most of the bacteria are resistant and the antibiotic you take won't work against them now.
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What are medicines?
Chemicals that are used to treat the cause or signs of an illness.
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Who discovered penecillin?
Alexander Flemming, a Scottish bacterialogist and doctor.
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How did Alexander Flemming discover penecillin?
Whilst studying influenza, he noticed mould called 'penicillium notatum' had developed accidentally on a set of petri dished used to grow 'staphylococci' bacteria.
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What did Alexander Flemming do with the penecillium notatum mould?
He extracted and purified it and then made it in large quantities.
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Development and testing of medicine: Discovery
New medicines are dicovered, e.g. by screening organisms to see is they produce antibiotics that kill bacteria. They are then developed through a series of stages.
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Development and testing of medicine: Pre-clinical trials- stage one
The drug is tested on cells or tissues in the lab to see if it enters the cell without harming it and if it works by damaging pathogens inside the cell. They also check for any side effects.
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Development and testing of medicine: Pre-clinical trials-stage two
The drug is tested on animals to see if it works on the whole body without risk to humans.
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Development and testing of medicine: Small clinical trials
The drug is tested on a small number of healthy people who have voulenteered. They use a small dosage of the drug to check it's not toxic and that the side effects are small.
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Development and testing of medicine: Large clinical trails
The drug is tested on a large number of patients who have the disease that the drug is being developed for. This checks for different side effects in different people and efficiency (does it work?). They use different doses to find the optimum dose.
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Explain why a medicine is not tested on lots of people straight away?
To make sure there are no harmful side effects and also to make sure it works on people. It would be unethical to give the medicine to lots of people before it was tested safely.
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What are five factors that affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
Genes, Age, Sex, Enviromental, Lifestyle factors.
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What are the four stages to test a new drug?
Pre-clinical trials: stage one and two, small clinical trails and large clinical trials.
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How could your genes affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
Different alleles of a gene may be more prone to mutation or how well you absorb nutrients. These factors may be more common in particular ethnic groups.
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How does age affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
The older the body, the more liekly that cells may develop mutations that lead to cancer.
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How does your sex affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
The female hormone oestrogen has protective effects that men do not get.
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How does the enviroment affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?
air pollution can cause lung diseases; poisons in food and drink can damage the body.
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How can your lifestyle affect the risk of you developing a non-communicable disease?
The way we live, including diet, alcohol, smoking and exercise, can effect our risk of developing many diseases.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does a vaccine contain?

Back

Antigens from the pathogen, often in the form of dead or weakened pathogens.

Card 3

Front

What happens in the body once its given a vaccine?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens if a person is infected with the real pathogen once given a vaccine for it?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Plasma Cells

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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