Medicine Through Time

M - Causes (4 Causes)

Religion - God sent disease as a punishment / Astrology - Alignment of the planets / Four Humours - An imbalance in bodily fluids / Miasma - Bad air

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Hippocrates - Details

'Father' of medicine / Wrote medical books / Encouraged observation / Hippocratic oath

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Galen - Details

Surgeon in a gladiator school / Roman emperors doctor / Developed the theory of the 4 humours and treatment of opposites

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M - Approaches to Prevention and Treatment

Prayer,pilgrimage , flagellation / Purging / Star charts / Bloodletting / Herbal Remedies / Nice smells

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What is the Regimen Sanitatis

A Medieval set of instructions for a healthy lifestyle

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M - Approaches to hospital care

Run by Monks and Nuns / Infected and pregnant rejected / care and prayer / good food + water / Sharing of beds

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M Medics - Physician

Mostly Diagnosed and suggested treatments / Only the rich could afford them / Studied at university

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Vademecum

Physicians bag with all equipment - Leeches , Urine chart , Star chart etc

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M Medics - Apothecary

Herbal Remedies / Everyone visited due to low cost / Knowledge gained by experience or family members

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M Medics - Barber Surgeons

Simple Surgery or blood letting / Patients from Physicians / No qualifications - only books

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M Medics - Housewives

Superstitious treatment + Herbal Remedies / Treated Family / Knowledge passed down from family

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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Causes

God sent the plague as a punishment / Astrology / Miasma / Humours

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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Treatments

Holy Charms / Prayer and Confession / Avoid bathing / Smelling strong herbs / Bleeding and Purging

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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Prevention

Quarantine / Prayer / Pilgrimage / Self flagellation / Attempts to clean the streets

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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Details

Bubonic Plague killed 40% of England / Most died after 5 days / Causes fever and buboes / Few Survived once infected

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R - Causes

Miasma / Astrology less popular / Church still significant in medicine / Less believed God sent disease / Less support for 4 humours / Belief of animacules

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R - Thomas Sydenham

Moved away from Hippocrates and Galen / Encouraged observation / Didn't rely on books

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R - Printing Press

1440 / Allowed books to be printed widely / Decreased the churches influence

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R - The Royal Society

Created to discuss scientific ideas / Scientists could share work / Sponsored research and development

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R - Continuity - Treatment and Prevention

Bloodletting, purging, sweating / Herbal Remedies / Regimen Sanitatis / Apothecaries and surgeons / Women still cared for the sick

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R - Change - Treatment and Prevention

Belief in Transference - Passing on disease / Chemical Cures / Weather conditions linked to disease / Hospitals began to treat curable diseases / Specialist hospitals (Plague Houses)

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R - Medical Training Improvements

Better Education for surgeons and apothecaries / More Books / More Dissections

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R - Vesalius

Found Galens mistakes - Jawbone = 1 not 2 / Encouraged dissection / Focused on anatomy / His discoveries were contravercial

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R - William Harvey

Dissected humans and observed blood / Arteries and Veins linked / Heart is a pump / Theorised the existence of capillaries / Criticized as his findings didn't cure disease

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R - Dealing with the Plague (1965) - Causes

Astrology / Punishment from God / Humours / Miasma / Contact with the ill

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R - Dealing with the Plague (1965) - Prevention and Treatment -

Prayer / Doors marked with red X / Nice smells / Fasting / Plague doctors had mask with nice smells / Public gatherings band / Victims bodies cleared from towns

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I - Why did medicine change - Industrial Revolution

Child Labour / Pollution / Better Transport / More Factories / Better Scientific equipment

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I - Why did medicine change - Urbansiation

Most workers can't read or write / Overcrowding made conditions worse / Large amounts of waste / no sewage systems / Migration rose

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I - Why did medicine change - War and Conquest

1860 - Nightingale nursing school / New colonies in Africa - better trade / Foreign countries brought disease / The Red Cross

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I - Why did medicine change - Government

Poor sewage / Some sewers on small streets / Big streets had bad hygiene and no sewage

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I - Why did medicine change - Technology

New ships and trains / New glass for microscopes and thermometers / Good steel needles

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I - Edward Jenner and Vaccination story

Smallpox was a common, deadly disease / Milkmaids didn't catch it / Inoculated James Phipps with cowpox / He caught cowpox but not smallpox / The first Vaccination

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I - Support for Vaccination (3)

Proved the value of Scientific method / Saved many lives / Safer than other innoculation

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I - Opposition for Vaccination (3)

Only worked for smallpox / Not made compulsory / Already some methods for treating smallpox

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I - What is Spontaneous Generation

The belief that waste created disease causing germs

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I - Louis Pasteur and Germ Theory

Published 1861 / Couldn't isolate cholera germ / Ended 4 humours / New individual germs isolated / Invented Pasteurisation - Heating kills Germs / Proved his broth experiment

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I - Koch -

Worked after the Germ theory / Isolated the germ for Anthrax / Discovered the first individual bacteria in 1876

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I - Edwin Chadwick Report and First Public Health Act

Edwin Chadwick report on hygiene and sewage with study 1842 / 1848 Public Health Act - Board of Health set up - council had to improve hygiene

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I - Effect of Germ Theory on Vaccination

Koch discovered the first individual bacteria 1876 / More later discovered / Pasteur developed more vaccines E.G. Rabies

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I - John Snow Case Study

1858 - Hot summer caused 'Great Stink' / Poor sewage caused Cholera outbreaks / Hypothesised that bad water caused Cholera / Proved this with water pump study / Lead to 2nd Public Health Act

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I - Second Public Health Act

Local councils had to clean up sewage and have a clean water supply / Other sanitary improvements made

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I - Hospitals

Hospitals unsanitary / High death Rate / Florence Nightingale ordered cleaning equipment and fresh bedding / Health standards improved and death rate fell / Made nurses maintain standards and set up Nursing School

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I - Surgery - Tackling Pain and anaesthetic

James Simpson used chloroform as anaesthetic - Could kill / 1795 - Laughing gas used / William E Clarke used Ether

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I - Surgery - Tackling Infection

Joseph Lister used Carbolic acid as antiseptic / Sprayed on hands and surgery / 1890's - Development of Aseptic Surgery

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I - Surgery - Opposition

Anaesthetics made the death rate rise / Chloroform caused many deaths

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I - Treatments

1844 - Pill machine / Cocaine used as medicine / James Morrison - Cure all pills - No effect, only placebo / 1880's advertising laws brought in

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Modern - Advancements in Genetics

Crick and Watson used Rosalind Franklin's work to build the structure of DNA / Genetic diseases better understood / Better Understanding on the effect of lifestyle choices

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Modern - Human Genome Project

1990 - 2003 / Mapped out the entire human genome / Genetic diseases could be identified

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Modern - Improvements in Diagnosis

X-Rays - can see inside the body / CT scans / MRI - Organ imaging / ECG - Monitor the heart / Blood tests / Blood pressure monitors

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Modern - Magic Bullets

Ehrlich Salvarsan 606 - Used to treat specific diseases (Syphilis) / Domagk Prontosil - Treat Blood poisoning

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Modern - NHS

1948 / Provided free medical services / Access to all areas of medical support / All people now had access

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Modern - Technology

Radiotherapy - Help treat cancer / Dialysis - help treat kidney problems

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Modern - High Tech Surgery

More complex surgery such as prosthetic limbs and keyhole surgery / Made surgery safer and more effective

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Modern - Vaccination

Government made many vaccinations compulsory / Polio vaccine made compulsory in 1950 / Wiped out diseases

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Modern - Lifestyle campaigns

Change4Life educates about good lifestyle choices / Campaigns and adverts help improve people's lifestyles

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Modern - Legislation for smoking

Smoking illegal in enclosed workspace 2006

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Modern - Discovery of Penicillin

Discovered by Fleming by accident / Left a petri dish open and realises that penicillium mould killed bacteria / His findings were published

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Modern - Development of Penicillin

Florey and Chain developed Flemings ideas / Worked with mould on mice 1940 / First human trial worked until they ran out / It was hard to mass produce the mould

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Modern - Mass Production of Penicillin

US Government agreed to help mass produce the mould / Needed for WW2 / By 1944 - Enough was made to treat all allied casualties

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Modern - Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

By the time it is detected - too late to treat / Can be detected with Bronchoscope or CT scan

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Modern - Prevention of Lung Cancer

Bans on smoking in workplaces and in public areas / Bans on cigarette advertising and packaging

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Modern - Treatment of Lung Cancer

Operation to remove tumour / Radiotherapy / Chemotherapy

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Medicine Through Time

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