Medicine Through Time

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  • Created by: lx1234
  • Created on: 06-06-18 23:03
Who was arrested for suggesting doctors should do original research and not trust old books?
Roger Bacon
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What happened in Islamic Medicine during 786-809?
Baghdad became a centre for the translation of Greek manuscripts into Arabic.
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What happened in Islamic Medicine during 805?
Al-Rashid set up a major new hospital in Baghdad with a medical school and library
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What happened in Islamic Medicine during 813-33?
Al-Rashids library developed into the "House of Wisdom", the preservation of ancient Greek medical books by Hippocrates and Galen
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Why were Islamic doctors so inspired to find cures?
"For every disease, Allah has given a cure"
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What new drugs were discovered in Islamic Medicine?
Senna (Treats constipation) and Naphtha.
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How did the Islamic Empire treat those with mental illnesses?
With compassion.
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How did Islamic Medicine treat Hippocrates and Galens works?
Valued their medicines, and preserved and learned from the books of the ancient world.
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What were Muslim Hospitals called and what was their function?
Bimaristans, meant for the treatment of patients and not just the care, unlike Christian hospitals.
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What did Rhazes do?
Distinguished measles from smallpox for the first time, wrote over 150 books, he followed Galens teachings but was critical, one of his books was called "Doubts about Galen"
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What did Avicenna do?
Wrote an encyclopedia of ancient Greek and Islamic medicine, "The Canon of Medicine". Listed the medical properties of 760 different drugs and discussed anorexia and obesity, became the standard European medical textbook.
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What did Ibn al-Nafis do?
13th century, concluded Galen was wrong about the heart worked, claiming blood circulated via the lungs, Islam did not allow human dissection, books not read in the West, Europeans continued to accept Galens mistake.
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What did Abulcasis do?
Muslim surgeon, wrote 30 volume book, Al Tasrif in 1000. Invented 26 new surgical instruments and many new procedures, made cauterisation popular.
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What did Hugh of Lucus and his son Theodoric do?
1267, criticised the view that pus was needed for a wound to heal, used wine on wounds, new methods of removing arrows, ideas to prevent infection clashed with Hippocrates, didn't become popular.
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What did Mondino de Luzzi do?
Led the new interest in anatomy in 14th century, 1316 wrote Anathomia, standard dissection manual, 1315, supervised a public dissection permitted in Bologna, body didn't fit Galens description, believed Body to be wrong
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What did Guy De Chaulaic do?
Famous french surgeon who wrote Great Surgery in 1363, many references to Greek and Islamic writers, quoted Galen around 890 times, Opposed Theodoric of Lucca's ideas about preventing infection, why they didn't become popular.
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What did John of Arderne do?
Guild of Surgeons, 1368. Surgical manual Practicia 1376 was based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in the Hundred Years War between England and France, specialised in operations for anal abscess, common in knights on horseback.
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How did tradesmen's waste becoming unhygienic and how did they deal with it?
Leather tanning used dangerous chemicals whilst meat butchers dumped waste blood and guts into rivers. Town councils and craft guilds tried to encourage tradesmen to keep to certain areas and keep them clean.
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How did Sewage become unhygienic and how did they deal with it?
Towns were dirty with only a few paved streets, cesspits overflew onto roads and into rivers. Most towns and some priv houses had privies with cesspits to collect sewage, people left money in wills to pay for public privies.
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Why was it hard to keep towns clean?
Town populations grew and public health facilities couldn't cope, rivers used for drinking water, transport and removing waste. People had no knowledge of germs and their link to disease and infection. Belief in Miasma.
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How were monastries adapted to keep clean during Medieval England?
Lavatorium, pipes delivered water to wash basins, filters removed dirt. Privies. Dormitory, wash clothes. River SKell, waste water from toilets into rivers, Infirmary Hall, a small hospital.
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Why were conditions better for monks?
Isolation protected them from epidemics, monks obeyed the abbot strictly, kept clean for God, Monks could read books, separate clean from dirty water, understood hygiene, spent money on clean facilities, made money from producing wool, sleep, diet...
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How did the Black Death reach Britain?
Began in Asia, travelled along trade routes to W Europe, Reached Turkey in 1347, England 1348.
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What are the two types of plague?
Bubonic, spread by rats and fleas, Pneumonic, Attacked lungs and was spread by contact with a victims breath through coughing or blood.
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What were some believed causes of the Plague?
Position of stars and planets, Miasma, Wells poisoned by Jews, Punishment from God
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What were the real causes of the Plague?
Bacteria Yersina Pestis, grew in flea's stomachs, fleas lived on rats, jumped onto Humans and spread the disease, food shortages meant the poor were malnourished and more vulnerable to infection.
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Why did the Plague spread so quickly?
Poor street conditions, Dirty streets encouraged rats to bleed, unhygienic habits, Animals dug up dead bodies, Laws about cleanliness hard to enforce, Quarantine not effective on infected villages, Ignorance.
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What was the Impact of The Black Death?
Whole villages were wiped out, Demands for higher wages contributed to the Peasants Revolt (1381) and the weakening of the Feudal system, Priests died, others ran away. Food shortage, price went up, Landowners switched to sheep farming, Farm work, +w
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What other points did the plague break out?
1603, 38000 People. The Great Plague in 1665.
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How did Pare help gunshot wounds?
1537, Pare ran out of the hot oil used to treat wounds, instead just used the rose oil cream, patients wounds healed and he published a book about treating wounds in 1545
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How did Pare help on open wounds?
Tie wounds with ligatures or thread, crows beak clamp. Ligature was less painful, but was slower and could introduce infection, wasn't suitable for battle.
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How did Pare help amputations?
Designed false limbs for wounded soldiers.
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What was the importance of Pare's "Works on Surgery"?
Translated Versalius' works, was widely read by English Barber Surgeons,
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How did Harvey prove the circulation of the blood?
1. Calculated Mathematically how much blood was needed if it was a fuel, observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals, read widely about Italian anatomists, dissections, experimented pumping liquid the wrong way to prove no backflow.
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Why was Harvey's proof of the circulation of the blood not a 100% success?
He didn't know why the blood circulated, why there was different coloured blood in arteries and veins, how blood got from arteries into the veins,
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What were Apothcecaries?
Little or no medical training, but still sold medicines and potions
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How did people react to the Great Plague of 1665?
People recognised the link between disease and germs, more organised approached, try to issue orders to prevent spread, Women searchers identified plague victims, more effective quarantine, bodies buried in mass plague pits, streets cleaned.
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What period of time saw five new general hospitals built in England?
1720-1750
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How many patients were there a year by 1800's?
20,000
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Who was John Hunter?
Wrote books based on observations, dissection skill and experimentation, e.g Natural History of Teeth. He collected and studied 3000 anatomical specimens, pump wax into blood vessels for circulation, demanded careful observation in surgery, teacher.
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What kind of experiments did Hunter practice?
Self-Innoculation of Gonorrhea and Syphilis
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What kind of discoveries did Hunter find out?
Nature of disease, Cancer, circulation of the blood, with reccomendations such as not enlarging gunshot wounds when treating them
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What was smallpox?
One of the biggest killer diseases in the 18th century, a highly infectious virus spread by the coughing, sneezing or touching of an infected person, killed 30% of those who caught it.,
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What was Innoculation?
Giving a healthy person a mild dose of the disease, dried scabs were scratched into their skin or blown up their nose, allowed them to grow immune to the disease. Became fashionable after 1721, after Lady Montagu had her children done. Common in 1740
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How did Jenner discover vaccination?
Test theory that people who had cowpox didn't get smallpox, gave cowpox to an 8 year old boy, child would not react to the smallpox innoculation, if it was to fail, the boy would develop smallpox scabs in the normal way. Repeated with 16 others.
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Why did people oppose Jenner?
Could not explain how it worked, many doctors profited from inoculation, attempts to repeat experiment failed, Jenner was not a fashionable city doctor, so there was snobbery against him.
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Why was vaccination accepted?
Jenner had proved the effectiveness of vaccination by scientific experiment, vaccination was less dangerous, members of royal family also vaccinated, Parliament acknowledged Jenners research with 10,000 grant in 1802, 1853 british gov makes smallpox
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What anaesthetics were used before 1800?
Hashish, mandrake and opium, hard to judge effective dosage. Alcohol also used, stimulated heart and caused heavy bleeding in a wound.
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Who invented Nitrous Oxide?
Humphrey Davy, 1800, not used until 1844, American dentist Horace Wells used it to remove teeth.
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Who invented Ether?
1842, a tooth extraction. 1846, William Mortion gave public demonstrations.Difficult to inhale and highly flamable
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Who invented Chloroform?
James Simpson 1847.
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What do Contagonists believe in?
Infection was spread by contact and could be controlled by quarantine. 1864, surgeon Thomas Wells first suggested infection was non-chemical.
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What do Anti-contagonists believe in?
Infection was caused by environment, epidemics controlled by cleansing. Doctors like James Simpson wanted Hospitals relocated or rebuilt as infection was believed to be in their walls or atmosphere.
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What was Germ Theory?
Spontaneous Generation was wrong and that germs, not chemicals, caused decay.
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How did he prove Germ Theory?
Beetroot beer and milk.
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What was Listers antispetic approach?
Spray carbolic acid onto surgeons hands and operating areas, instruments and bandages. ugust 1865, mended Jamie Greenless legs, skin broken, set bones and soaked dressings, six weeks later, Jamie walks out of hospital
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What was Listers conclusion?
1867, he published the results of 11 cases of compound fracture, explained techniques in lectures, published Pasteurs Germ Theory through his antispetic technqiue, microbes in air caused infection, not spontaneous generation
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What were reactions to Listers work?
Critised, public health debate focused on chemical causes of infection,Listers biological explanation was unfamiliar, British surgeons offered alternative interpretations.
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What influential doctor supported Spontaneous Generation?
Charlton Bastian
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Why did people oppose Anti-septic surgery?
Doctors didn't accept Germ Theory, 1860's, chemicals widely used, his techniques were not revolutionary, Carbolic acid irritated lungs and dried skin, took nurses a long time to prepare it.
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Why did people change their minds about Germ Theory?
The Cattle Plague, 1866. John Tyndall favoured it in lectures, and Thypoid fever broke out in 1876.
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What did Robert Koch do?
Work goes against view most germs were similar, identified microbe responsible for anthrax 1876, cholera 1884, TB 1882.
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What were Koch's methods?
Proved scientific bacteria were responsible for a disease by injecting and retrieving bacterium from successive experimental animals, solidified agar, dyes to stain microbes, perfected a lens for microbes.
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Who introduced Microscope research of the life cycle of germs?
William Dallinger and John Drysdale in 1874
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Who translated Kochs work and explained how the microbes present in wounds didn't always produce disease?
1879
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What factors prevented the development of vaccines?
War, Government and Finance, Teamwork, Competition, Individual Characters, Communication, Luck
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Why was Industrialisation important?
Population increases, thousands of people moved from countryside to cities like London to work in the new factories of the Industrial Revolution.
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What were conditions like in the cities?
A single factory would employ hundreds of people, factory owners built rows of back-to-back houses, 4-5 people in one room, little toilets, water for drinking came from a pump, no cleanliness.
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What happened in 1831?
A cholera outbreak killed 50,000 people
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What other dates did Cholera break out in?
1837, 1838, 1848, 1853-54, 1865-66
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What did Cholera outbreaks lead to? (Response from towns?)
Clean up their streets as they believed it was caused by rubbish and human waste.
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What did governments do about epidemics?
Were concerned but didn't know how to deal with them
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What were the main points of Chadwicks report?
Disease is caused by bad air, damp filth and by overcrowded houses, Medical officers to be appointed, cant develop clean habits without clean water, healthier work force work harder, laws to improve drainage and sewers, funded by taxpayers.
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When was the first Public Health Act and what was it?
1848, A central board of health was to be set up, any town could set it up, NOT COMPULSARY, Local town councils spend money on streets, some towns made huge improvements.
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How many towns had set up a Local Board of Health in 1853?
103
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What happened in 1854 to the Local Board of Public Health?
Closed down because government interference was strongly resented?
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Who made the link between Cholera and contaminated water?
John Snow, he noted all victims lived near the same pumpin Broad Street, removed pump handle so everyone had to use another pump. Outbreak stopped. Toilet was leaking into water source, suggested it was caused by infected water, not miasma.
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What was the Great Stink?
1858, River Thames produced a bad smell, evidence for cholera, pay for new sanitary improvements, Joseph Bazalgette, new sewer, 1866
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When was the second public health act and what is it?
1875, local councils had to appoint Medical Officers to be responsible for public health, councils were ordered to build sewers, supply fresh water and collect rubbish.
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When did working men get the vote?
1867
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Card 2

Front

What happened in Islamic Medicine during 786-809?

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Baghdad became a centre for the translation of Greek manuscripts into Arabic.

Card 3

Front

What happened in Islamic Medicine during 805?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happened in Islamic Medicine during 813-33?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why were Islamic doctors so inspired to find cures?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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