Medicine Key Individuals
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- Created by: isobelha
- Created on: 08-09-21 10:44
Hippocrates
- Theory of Four Humours (blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile)
- Hippocratic Oath (Taken by people in medical profession, must keep patient confidentiality, do no harm to patients and must treat anyone
- Hippocratic Oath (Taken by people in medical profession, must keep patient confidentiality, do no harm to patients and must treat anyone
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Hippocrates
- Known as the Father of modern medicine
- Started to record symptoms
- Started to record symptoms
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Galen
- Developed theory of four humours into the theory of opposites (opposite humour used to treat humour that is out of balance)
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Galen
- Strongly supported by the church
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
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Ambroise Pare
- French Army Surgeon
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
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Ambroise Pare
- In 1552 appointed surgeon to Henri II of France
- After he retired from the army he published many of his ideas and theories
throughout his life
- After he retired from the army he published many of his ideas and theories
throughout his life
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Ambroise Pare
Gunshot wound
Gunshot wound
- Old treatment for gunshot wound was to use boiling oil as believed to be poisonous, caused a lot of pain
- After the oil a cream of rose oil, egg white and turpentine was applied
- After the oil a cream of rose oil, egg white and turpentine was applied
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Ambroise Pare
Gunshot wound
Gunshot wound
- Pare ran out of hot oil so just used the cream
- His patients healed well and had little
to no pain
- His patients healed well and had little
to no pain
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Ambroise Pare
Stopping bleeding
Stopping bleeding
- Wounds were cauterised to stop bleeding
- Used silk thread round blood vessels to close them up, called ligatures
- Used silk thread round blood vessels to close them up, called ligatures
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Ambroise Pare
Stopping bleeding
Stopping bleeding
- Invented crow's beak clamp to halt bleeding
- Ligature less painful, slower and could introduce infection
- Ligature less painful, slower and could introduce infection
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Andreas Vesalius
- Belgian and studied in Paris, learnt Galen's anatomy
- Professor of surgery at University of Padua, began to question Galen's opinions
- Professor of surgery at University of Padua, began to question Galen's opinions
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Andreas Vesalius
- Wrote a book, Fabric of the Human Body 1543
- Illustrated book, very accurate textbook based on dissections and observations
- Illustrated book, very accurate textbook based on dissections and observations
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Andreas Vesalius
- His book corrected mistakes made by Galen
- Provided proof of Galen's mistake
(breastbone in humans has three parts not seven like an ape)
- Provided proof of Galen's mistake
(breastbone in humans has three parts not seven like an ape)
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Andreas Vesalius
- Criticised for saying Galen was wrong
- Had to leave job in Padua, became a doctor for Emperor Charles V
- Had to leave job in Padua, became a doctor for Emperor Charles V
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Thomas Sydenham
- Known as the 'English Hippocrates'
- Argued for need to base treatments on examining a person as a whole and basing decisions on observations
- Argued for need to base treatments on examining a person as a whole and basing decisions on observations
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Thomas Sydenham
- Believed in close observations of symptoms
- Said to carefully monitor and symptoms shown or treatments given
- Said to carefully monitor and symptoms shown or treatments given
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Thomas Sydenham
- Believed diseases had different characteristics so each had a unique treatment
- Interested in smallpox which he developed a successful treatment for
- Interested in smallpox which he developed a successful treatment for
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Thomas Sydenham
- Had an interest in treating ague, form of malaria, used chinchona bark to successfully treat the condition
- For smallpox, usually piled blankets on patients and administered hot drinks in attempt to sweat the disease out
- For smallpox, usually piled blankets on patients and administered hot drinks in attempt to sweat the disease out
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Thomas Sydenham
- Sydenham believed in a cool therapy
- This treatment echoed the four humours
- Book Medical observations (1676) became standard textbook
- This treatment echoed the four humours
- Book Medical observations (1676) became standard textbook
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James Simpson
- Scottish Doctor
- Discovered chloroform when there was a serious problem of pain during surgery
- Breakthrough of chloroform happened in 1847
- Discovered chloroform when there was a serious problem of pain during surgery
- Breakthrough of chloroform happened in 1847
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Joseph Lister
- Late 1860s when Pasteur's germ theory came to the attention of British Doctors and revolutionised surgery because of Joseph Lister
- Lister was a Professor of Surgery in Glasgow
- Lister was a Professor of Surgery in Glasgow
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Joseph Lister
- Shown Pasteur's work by Thomas Anderson, Professor of Chemistry
- Thought germ theory could explain surgical infections
- Thought germ theory could explain surgical infections
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Joseph Lister
- Anderson also recommended carbolic acid as a chemical that killed bacteria
- Lister also took an approach to antiseptic surgery
- Lister also took an approach to antiseptic surgery
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Joseph Lister
- Spray carbolic acid on surgeon's hands in operating areas
- Soak instruments and bandages in carbolic acid
- Proved use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic
- Soak instruments and bandages in carbolic acid
- Proved use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic
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Joseph Lister
- August 1865, mended fractured leg of young boy
- Skin of Jamie's leg was broken, likely to be infected, usually be amputated
- Skin of Jamie's leg was broken, likely to be infected, usually be amputated
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Joseph Lister
- Lister set the bones and used dressings that had been soaked in carbolic acid
- After six weeks, Jamie walked out of hospital
- After six weeks, Jamie walked out of hospital
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Joseph Lister
- 1867, lister published results of 11 cases of compound fracture, explained techniques in lectures
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Joseph Lister
- Published Pasteur's germ theory through explanation of antiseptic techniques
- Said microbes in air caused infection not spontaneous generation
- Said microbes in air caused infection not spontaneous generation
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James Simpson
- Scottish Doctor
- Discovered chloroform in 1847
- Difficult to get the right dose so many patients died
- Discovered chloroform in 1847
- Difficult to get the right dose so many patients died
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James Simpson
- Wife came home to find Simpson and his
friends sleeping peacefully after they
had inhaled the chemical
friends sleeping peacefully after they
had inhaled the chemical
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Edward Chadwick
Lawyer, devoted to health and social reforms
- Two year period, worked on famous public health inquiry, results published in 1842
- Two year period, worked on famous public health inquiry, results published in 1842
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Edward Chadwick
- Believed in mistaken miasma theory
- Report clarified need got cleaner streets and clean water
- Report clarified need got cleaner streets and clean water
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John Snow
- Famous surgeon
- Worked in Broad Street, Soho, London
- During a cholera outbreak in 1854, 20,000 people died
- Worked in Broad Street, Soho, London
- During a cholera outbreak in 1854, 20,000 people died
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John Snow
- Snow noted all vicitims lived near same water pump in Broad Street
- Removed pump handle, everyone had to use another pump
- Outbreak stopped
- Removed pump handle, everyone had to use another pump
- Outbreak stopped
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John Snow
- Later found that a street toilet was leaking into the pump's water source
- Suspected that cholera wasn't airborne (miasma) but contagious and caught by contact with infected water
- Anesthetics - Developed chloroform mask so people could inhale anesthe
- Suspected that cholera wasn't airborne (miasma) but contagious and caught by contact with infected water
- Anesthetics - Developed chloroform mask so people could inhale anesthe
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John Snow
- Suspected that cholera wasn't airborne (miasma) but contagious and caught by contact with infected water
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John Snow
- Anesthetics - Developed chloroform mask so people could inhale anesthetics easier and safer
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Joseph Bazalgette
- Parliament gave engineer, Bazalgette, enough money to build a new sewer system for London
- Work began in 1858
- Work began in 1858
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Joseph Bazalgette
- Design of sewer system used gravity and the the slope of the London river basin to get sewers to flow downstream towards the sea
- Pumping stations built to ensure no sewage ended up in the Thames
- Pumping stations built to ensure no sewage ended up in the Thames
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Joseph Bazalgette
- Given £3 million to immediately start work
- Work finished in 1866
- He'd built an 83 mile sewer system
- Removed 420 gallons of sewage a day
- Work finished in 1866
- He'd built an 83 mile sewer system
- Removed 420 gallons of sewage a day
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Florey and Chain
- 1930s, researchers at Oxford University read about penicillin's ability to kill germs
- Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain successfully tested penicillin on eight mice
- Next, they wanted to treat humans, over a period of months produced enough pe
- Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain successfully tested penicillin on eight mice
- Next, they wanted to treat humans, over a period of months produced enough pe
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Florey and Chain
- Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain successfully tested penicillin on eight mice
- Next, they wanted to treat humans, over a period of months produced enough penicillin
- Next, they wanted to treat humans, over a period of months produced enough penicillin
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Florey and Chain
- When the patient was injected with penicillin the infection began to clear up
- Patient died when penicillin ran out
- Patient died when penicillin ran out
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Florey and Chain
- Next, they needed to workout how to mass produce penicillin
- Second World War major factor in transforming supply of penicillin
- Second World War major factor in transforming supply of penicillin
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Florey and Chain
- Originally approached the British government for money however, they gave them barely anything as all their money was being spent on the war efforts
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Florey and Chain
- steady supply was vital in treating soldiers with infected wounds
- Approached the US government
- Approached the US government
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Florey and Chain
- US agreed to pay several huge chemical companies to make millions of gallons of it
- by end of war in 1945, Britain and USA working closely together
- 25,000 soldiers were being treated
- Drug companies began using production methods to make penicillin
- by end of war in 1945, Britain and USA working closely together
- 25,000 soldiers were being treated
- Drug companies began using production methods to make penicillin
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Florey and Chain
- 25,000 soldiers were being treated
- Drug companies began using production methods to make penicillin available for public use as soon as war ended
- Drug companies began using production methods to make penicillin available for public use as soon as war ended
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Florey and Chain
Impact of penicillin
Impact of penicillin
- Thousands of injured soldiers returned to service quicker than they would have done without penicillin
- After war, penicillin became available for
doctors
- After war, penicillin became available for
doctors
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Florey and Chain
Impact of penicillin
Impact of penicillin
- Estimated 15% of wounded British and US soldiers would have died without penicillin
- Classified as an antibiotic
- Classified as an antibiotic
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Florey and Chain
Impact of penicillin
Impact of penicillin
- Saved lives of millions of people
- Followed by other antibiotics such as streptomycin (tuberculosis) 1944,
- Followed by other antibiotics such as streptomycin (tuberculosis) 1944,
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Florey and Chain
Impact of Penicillin
Impact of Penicillin
- Tetracycline (skin infections) 1953
- Mitomycin (chemotherapy drug for treating several different types of cancers) 1956
- Mitomycin (chemotherapy drug for treating several different types of cancers) 1956
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
- Known as the Father of modern medicine
- Started to record symptoms
- Started to record symptoms
Back
Hippocrates
Card 3
Front
- Developed theory of four humours into the theory of opposites (opposite humour used to treat humour that is out of balance)
Back
Card 4
Front
- Strongly supported by the church
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
Back
Card 5
Front
- French Army Surgeon
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
Back
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