Media Psychology Studies

Flashcards testing names of studies and what they did and found.

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  • Created by: Chloe
  • Created on: 07-01-13 21:57
Bandura (1961)
Children aged 3-5 exposed to an adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll later behaved significantly more aggressively themselves, imitating the model's behaviour.
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Comstock and Paik (1991)
Meta-review of 1000+ findings on effects of media violence, showing strong short term effects and weaker long term ones. Found that people are more easily influenced by models that are similar to them and vicarious reinforcement.
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Cline et al (1973)
Children who watch a lot of violent TV showed less increase in blood pressure and heart rate whilst watching a violent film.
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Noble (1975)
Found only 5% imitation in naturalistic studies.
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Zilman's Excitation Transfer Theory
Arousal from the violent film is provoked by real life violence.
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Phillips (1983)
Found an increase in rate of murder of young African-American males following highly publicised boxing fights in which the black fighter was the loser.
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Huesmann et al (1992)
Longitudinal study of American children that found that children who were more frequent viewers of violent TV were later more aggressive and had higher crime rates.
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Charlton (2000)
Found no overall increase in aggressive behaviour after assessment using Rutter's behaviour questionnaire.
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Murray et al (2007)
Right hemisphere regions were activated whilst watching violent TV (these regulate emotions, arousal and attention as well as areas of the brain responsible for storing episodic memories).
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Sprafkin et al
Children were assigned to either watching Lassie where a boy rescues a dog, Lassie where there are positive messages or Brady Bunch. Then played prize winning game. Those in 1st condition risked chance of winning to rescue 'whining dog' more.
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Ostrov (2006)
Assessed educational viewing in 3-4 yr olds via parents. Followed up for 2 years, found that higher viewing = higher PSB frequency.
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Shelton and Rogers
Pps who were shown videos about industrial whaling later had enhanced empathy about whales.
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Valtenburg et al (1999)
Instructive mediation which involves discussion of content with the parent can further increase PSB.
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Lannigham-Foster et al (2006)
Energy expenditure trebled with active video games.
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Meckeller et al
When playing a standing bowling game compared to seated, 98% more calories were burned.
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Graves et al (2009)
Playing a Wii Sports game didn't release nearly as much energy as when playing the game for real.
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Sporston and Primatesta (2003)
The hour a day of activity will not be sufficiently reached by gaming.
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Hovland and Weiss
Experts are more persuasive than non-experts
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Kiesler and Kiesler
Popular and attractive communicators are more persuasive.
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Qualls and Moore
We are more likely to be persuaded by someone who is similar to us.
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Miller
People who speak rapidly are more persuasive.
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Leventhal (1965)
Persuasion can be enhanced by messages that arouse fear.
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McGuire
Less intelligent people may be persuaded by a one sided argument whereas more intelligent people wouldn't.
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Walster and Festinger
We are more easily persuaded if we don't think the message is about us.
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Meyerowitz and Chaiken
Breast cancer leaflets - either shown dangers of not self-examining, positives of early treatment or facts. Danger group self-examined more.
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McGuire (in relation to Meyerowitz and Chaiken)
High fear messages may trigger defence mechanisms.
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Kelman and Hovland
Immediately after a talk, pps favoured judge over drug dealer. 4 weeks later there was no difference.
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Petty et al (1981)
ELM. Videos shown about change in education system. Argument strength, speaker expertise and personal relevance manipulated. High personal relevance = persuaded by strength of arguments (central). Low relevance = expertise (peripheral)
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Vidrine (2007)
Assessed student smokers for need for cognition (NC). Then either shown fact based leaflet, emotion based leaflet or control. High NC preferred fact based and low NC preferred emotion.
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Gorn (1982)
Tested classical conditioning. Found that pps chose the colour of pen that was associated with pop music over the colour associated with classical music.
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Atkin (1975)
Assessed SLT for persuasiveness of TV ads. Found structural elements contribute to viewers attention and retention. Frequent repetition enhances likelihood of retaining material. Can be enhanced via slogans, jingles. Also if model uses product.
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Agostinella and Grube
Alcholics don't show interest in ads about alcoholism, so central route fails. Such ads showing celebs not drinking are more effective - peripheral route.
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Giles (2003)
Studied a More Th>n ad - irrelevant and didn't mention brand name. Required more cognitive processing and was thus remembered more - central route = long lasting change.
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Zajonc (1968)
The Mere Exposure Effect - after repeated exposure we can grow to like most things. Also did experiment with Chinese characters - pps gave them a more positive meaning after being shown them more often.
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Asche and McCutcheon
Individuals who watch films more frequently score higher on the Celebrity Attitude Scale.
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Horton and Wohl (1950)
Parasocial relationships - one sided relationship where the viewer knows everything about the character but the character knows nothing about them. Illusion of a true relationship.
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Meyerowitz (1994)
Found that some people had extreme reactions to the deaths of celebs such as Elvis and John Lennon.
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Eyal and Cohen (2006)
Looked at ending of Friends series. Found that break up distress was best predicted by intensity of parasocial relationship. However, duration didn't predict distress.
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Ainsworth
Attachment theory. Type A = insecure avoidant, Type B= secure and Type C = insecure ambivalent.
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Cole and Leets (1999)
Pps completed parasocial interaction Likert, attachment style Likert and Hazan and Shavers paragraph descriptors. Found that Type C were the most likely to form parasocial relationship.
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Eysenck (2008)
Suggested that Type C are most likely to form parasocial relationship because they can express themselves without rejection (low self confidence). Type A don't as they avoid all relationships and Type B don't need relationships that aren't real.
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Cohen
Supports this in relation to population validity, found in Israel that the most negative responses about favourite characters being taken off air were given by Type C individuals.
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Holt and Lewis
Gossip is universal - people love talking about people (in relation to evolutionary psych explanation - source of gossip)
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DeBacker
Carried out a survey and in depth interviews and found that people engage in celeb gossip as it helps to form social networks. Celebs are our mutual friends.
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Darwin
Female birds are the most attracted to male birds with complex songs.
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Duck
Boredom is one of the most common reasons for ending a relationship (neophilia)
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Henrich and Gil-White
Humans are born to imitate and our success is down to our ability to adapt to changing environments.
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DeBacker (2007)
Younger pps showed a great deal of interest in international celebs (the most prestigious), even if celebs were a lot older than them.
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Townsend and Wasserman
Found more variablility in the ratings by women than men of celebs. They argued that this is because wealth and status are harder to measure via photo than youth and attractiveness.
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McCutcheon
Only 24% males chose a glam female as their fave celeb.
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Celebrity Attitude Scale
Pps can like celebs on different levels: entertainment social; intense personal or borderline pathological
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Eysenck's Personality Theory
Can be linked to the outcome of the CAS. Entertainment social = extraversion; intense personal = neuroticism and borderline pathological = psychoticism.
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Maltby et al (2003) (for CAS and Eysenck)
Found 0.3+ correlation between extraversion and ES, 0.3+ for neuroticism and IP and 0.2+ for psychoticism and BP.
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McCutcheon
Found negative correlation between celeb worshippers and scores on measures of intelligence (verbal creativity, critical thinking etc).
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Maltby et al (for mental health and CAS)
Found links between mental health and celeb worship. Those who scored high on the general health questionnaire for anxiety and depression often reached the IP on the CAS scale.
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Maltby (for celeb worship and eating disorders)
Found that when celeb worship was associated with eating disorders, the group at risk was female adolescents who have an IP relationship rather than discussing with friends.
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Kienlen
A risk factor for stalking behaviour is an attachement disorder stemming from loss or absence of caring parent.
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Kienlen
Often a precipitating factor before stalking begins. Interviews with 24 adult male stalkers and found that they'd all recently experienced some form of loss. E.g. job, relationship, death.
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McCutcheon et al (2006)
299 students completed parental bonding scale and CAS, making pps judge how appropriate they believed certain stalking behaviours to be. Insecurely attached thought these to be more appropriate.
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Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al (2000)
Following the end of a relationship, stalkers are more likely to have preoccupied (Type C) attachment.
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Eysenck
Suggests that stalking behaviour leads to preoccupied attacment (correlation issues).
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Roberts (2007)
Tested students for attempts to contact celebs, avoidant tendencies and anxious tendencies. Found +correlation between anxiety and approach to celeb and -correlation between avoidant tendencies and approach.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Meta-review of 1000+ findings on effects of media violence, showing strong short term effects and weaker long term ones. Found that people are more easily influenced by models that are similar to them and vicarious reinforcement.

Back

Comstock and Paik (1991)

Card 3

Front

Children who watch a lot of violent TV showed less increase in blood pressure and heart rate whilst watching a violent film.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Found only 5% imitation in naturalistic studies.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Arousal from the violent film is provoked by real life violence.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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