Signal that a particular response will produce certain consequences
Discriminative stimuli influence behaviour e.g. sight of police car changes driving style.
Reinforcing successive approximations towards desired responses to teach new behaviours
Sequence of events which provide opportunities to reach final event.
7. What is positive punishment in operant conditioning?
Deter a response by presenting something negative
Encourage a response by presenting something positive
Deter a response by removing something positive
Encourage a response by removing something negative
8. Which of these examples of learning does NOT challenge the behaviourist approach?
Stimuli control
Evolutionary preparedness
Insight learning
Latent learning
9. Which of these studies is associated with operant conditioning?
Thorndike's cat
Little Albert
Pavlov's dog
Bobo dolls
10. The ability to learn depends on networks of brain structures and brain's ability to adapt. What does the Hebb rule say to expand on this theory?
Learning occurs from strengthening synaptic connections by simultaneous activation
Learning occurs from strengthening synaptic connections by repeated activation
Learning occurs by increasing neurotransmitter quantities and so stimulating more synapses
Learning occurs by increasing neurotransmitter qualities and so increases responsiveness.
11. A schedule describes different patterns and frequencies of reinforcements. If a response is reinforced after a certain percentage of responses have occurred, and the percentage that passes is always 25%, what type of schedule is this?
Partial: Interval and variable
Continuous
Partial: Ratio and fixed
Partial: Interval and fixed
12. What is habituation?
Decreased response to a repeated stimulus dictated by one's genes
Increased response to a sudden stimulus dictated by the nervous system
Decreased response to a repeated stimulus dictated by the nervous system
Decreased response to a sudden stimulus dictated by the nervous system
13. What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
Primary satisfy biological needs and secondary create possible opportunity to satisfy biological need indirectly
Primary satisfy emotional needs and secondary are associated with biological needs
Primary satisfy biological needs and secondary satisfy emotional needs
Primary are consequences we inflict on ourselves and secondary are consequences inflicted by others
14. Which of these describes the process of discrimination in classical conditioning?
Remembering an extinguished association without more learning trials
Applying a conditioned response to similar stimulus
Applying a conditioned response to some stimulus but not others
Weakening a conditioned response due to lack of UCS pairing (learnt inhibition)
15. Which of these can classical conditioning NOT be applied to?
Explaining and treating sickness
Training police and guide dogs
Explaining attraction and aversion
Acquiring and over-coming phobias
16. What is learning?
Enduring and adaptive change in capacity for behaviour
A link between stimuli and environment
The ability for an organism to develop behaviours from a blank slate
Not exercising and then starting to exercise
17. Which of the following describes a true difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical can involve discrimination but operant does not
Classical does not involve extinction but operant does.
Classical is automatic elicited behaviours, operant is emitted chosen behaviours.
Classical is caused by consequences and operant is caused by associations
18. Which of these best describes operant conditioning?
Repeating a behaviour due to being rewarded for the behaviour
Repeating a behaviour because somebody told you to.
The consequences of a behaviour affect subsequent behaviour
