The process of experience producing enduring and adaptive changes in capacity for behaviour
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Natural Selection
Genetically-based characteristics that are adaptive, increase survival and so are more likely to be passed on to the next generation
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Habituation and Sensitisation
Change in the strength of a response to repeated stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
An association is made between two stimulus that causes the response elicited by one to be produced by the other, when it wasn't previously
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Extinction
Conditioned response is weakened due to a lack of repeated reinforcement or association
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Spontaneous recovery
Remembering an extinguished association without more learning trials
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Generalisation and discrimination
Applying or not applying a conditioned response to similar stimulus
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Higher-order conditioning
Neutral stimulus is associated with an already aired conditioned stimulus
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Operant conditioning
How the consequences of an event affect subsequent behaviours
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Discriminative stimulus
Signal that a particular response will produce certain consequences
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Primary and secondary reinforcers
Primary satisfy biological needs and secondary are associated with biological needs
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Shaping
Reinforcing successive approximations towards desired behaviour to teach a new response
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Chaining
Sequence of events that provides opportunities to reach a final goal
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Stimuli Control
Discriminative stimuli influence behaviours
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Schedules: Continous vs. Partial.
Schedule - Pattern and frequencies of reinforcement; Continuous - Reinforcement occurs overtime the relevant behaviour occurs; Partial - Reinforcement only occurs on some of the relevant situations.
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Schedules: Fixed vs. Variable
Fixed - Reinforcement occurs on a fixed frequency; Variable - Reinforcement occurs at a random frequency around an average
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Schedules: Ratio vs. Interval
Ratio - Reinforcement occurs on a certain percentage of responses; Interval - Reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time
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Evolutionary Preparedness
Ready to be conditioned to some stimuli more than others due to evolutionary past
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Insight
Sudden perception of relationships
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Cognitive Maps
Mental representations of spatial layout
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Latent learning
Learning has already occurred but is only demonstrated when needed
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Expectancy
Expect a conditioned stimulus to predict an unconditioned stimulus
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Blocking
An association has already been made and so cannot be conditioned with something else
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Latent inhibition
Conditioning is weakened because the neutral stimulus has already been seen
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Observational learning
Model's behaviour influences our own behaviour
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Hebb Rule
Learning is due to a strengthening of synaptic connections by simultaneous activation
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Temporal Contiguity
CS and UCS should be presented close together in time so that the CS predicts the UCS (the UCS is contingent on the CS)
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Consolidation
Ability to improve skills without new learning experiences/practice
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Genetically-based characteristics that are adaptive, increase survival and so are more likely to be passed on to the next generation
Back
Natural Selection
Card 3
Front
Change in the strength of a response to repeated stimulus
Back
Card 4
Front
An association is made between two stimulus that causes the response elicited by one to be produced by the other, when it wasn't previously
Back
Card 5
Front
Conditioned response is weakened due to a lack of repeated reinforcement or association
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