Which historians were the first to advocate a Mid-Tudor Crisis?
A.F. Pollard and S.T. Bindoff - although it was first made explicit by W.R.D Jones
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Pollard's view of Mary's reign?
'sterile' in nature
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C.S.L Davies' view of Mary's reign?
put her accession as ‘The only successful rebellion in Tudor history’, England’s Protestantism on paper, but majority Catholicism in practice had accepted Mary as the Queen of England
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Loach and Tittler (MTC)
the 'little Tudors' were significant
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Loades (MTC)
the term is 'unhelpful'
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Duffy and Haigh (support)
Mary worked with the grain of public opinion
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Guy (MTC and religion)
Edward's early religious policy chaotic
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John Matusiak (MTC)
'Though there was no apocalypse in mid-Tudor England, there were very many who sensed keenly enough the passing of the four horsemen.'
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Loades (government)
financial management was ‘tight and effective’ – England less in debt than other European monarchs
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Tittler (government)
Against a dire social and economic backdrop, which had stretched across the whole Tudor period, Mary’s Government did take meaningful action
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Doran (Spanish marriage)
Mary’s method of negotiating the Spanish match was a mistake. She met with the Spanish ambassador (Simon Renard) in a secretive way, rather than with Privy Council involvement.
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Williams (50 Councillors during her brief reign – this led to assertions that such a high number of councillors inevitably led to inefficient and faction-ridden government)
For a government at war, its financial record was “at least adequate”
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Guy (military)
The Naval and Militia Reforms were “a landmark in English military organisation”
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What is the tradd view of Mary's relationship with Parliament?
described the Marian Parliaments as oppositional
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Evidence for the tradd view of Mary's relationship with Parliament?
Out of the 5 Parliaments held by Mary, 3 included bills which were rejected by Parliament. the rejections of the restoration of ex-monastic property, the bill to allow the seizure of property of Protestants in exile and to exclude E from succession
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Revisionist view of Mary's relationship with Parliament?
Mary sought the support of Parliament and cooperation between Catholics and Protestants is often visible. Parliament also cooperated with the government in most religious matters and in social and economic legislation.
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Difference between Elizabeth and Mary in terms of Parliament?
Similar to Eliz in that they both faced opposition in Parliament, yet where Mary’s Parliament completely prevented her from acting, Eliz's could only threaten not to issue her a necessary subsidy, but Eliz still got her way in the end.
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Tradd view of Mary's foreign policy?
FP has been seen as disastrous. She is blamed for insisting on a marriage that was deeply unpopular and for siding with the Habsburgs. It is alleged that the marriage led to divisions in the Privy Council and causing the Wyatt Rebellion
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Doran (foreign policy)
Argues that the marriage was not as ill-conceived as this interpretation suggests. There were in fact few eligible candidates and much to recommend the match with Philip
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Paget
The marriage provided England with an invaluable ally against Henry II of France who had his eyes on Calais and building up links with Scotland
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Haigh (religion)
Responses to the restoration of Catholicism in 1553 were very rapid, Thinks she created a core of hardened Protestants by persecuting them. “Marian reconstruction of Catholicism was a success” ‘phaased and realistic programmes of restoration.'
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N. Heard (religion)
Impossible to decide whether bulk of the population was Protestant or Catholic, Neither religion seemed to have had strong hold when Mary died in 1558 people still undecided about religion
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A.G.Dickens (religion)
the 'forest of Protestantism was spreading relentless across the landscape of the nation.’Mary’s religious policy in fact failed because ‘Mary failed to discover the Counter-Reformation’.
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Tilbrook (religion)
The bulk of the population remained Catholic in sentiment” – pointed out by Protestants returning from exile during Elizabeth’s reign
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Lotherington (Wyatt's)
'The only rebellion out of 3 to mount a serious challenge to the Government and Dynasty”
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Loades (Wyatt's)
“The real reasons which lay behind the conspiracy were secular and political”
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Fletcher (Wyatt's)
The leaders all had some sympathies with Protestantism
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