Manipulating genomes

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Define genome
All the genetic material an organism contains
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What are introns
Non coding DNA
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What is a satellite and mini satellite
Region where short sequences of DNA are repeated many times
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What does VNTR stand for
Variable number tandem repeats
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What is DNA profiling
Producing an image of the patterns in the DNA of an individual
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Name the 5 stages of producing a DNA profile
1. Extract DNA 2. Digest sample (restriction endonuclease) 3. Electrophoresis separate DNA fragments 4. Hybridisation (add probes) 5. See patterns produced
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Explain the process of PCR
1. separate DNA strands (95 degrees) 2. Primers anneal (55 degrees) 3. Synthesis of DNA - DNA polymerase (72 degrees)
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What are the uses of DNA profiling
Forensic science, paternity test, identify individuals at risk of a disease
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What iS DNA sequencing
Determine the precise order of nucleotides in DNA
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Explain Sanger sequencing
1. mixture made 2. Mixture placed in thermal cycler 3. DNA polymerase builds new DNA 4. Terminator base stops synthesis of DNA 5. Many DNA fragments 6. Electrophoresis separates fragments
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What substances are used in DNA (Sanger) sequencing
DNA, DNA polymerase, primers, nucleotides, terminator bases
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What is a modern method of DNA sequencing
Massively parallel sequencing
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Define bioinformatics
Development of software needed to organise and analyse raw biological data
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Define computational biology
Uses data to build theoretical models of biological systems
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What are the benefits of analysing the genomes of pathogens
Doctors can find the source of infection, doctors can identify antibiotic resistant bacteria, scientists can track the progress of a disease, scientists can identify regions in the genome of pathogens that can be targeted for drugs
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What is DNA barcoding
Method of identifying species using genomes
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How is genome sequencing related to evolution
Scientists can use genome sequences to understand evolutionary relationships
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What is proteonomics
Amino acid sequencing of an organisms entire protein complement
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What are sliceosomes
Enzyme complexes that join the exons together
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How can a sliceosome cause the production of different proteins
Join Exons in a variety of ways making different versions of mRNA
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Define synthetic biology
The redesign of existing natural biological systems
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What techniques are involved with synthetic biology
1. Genetic engineering 2. Use of biological systems 3. Synthesis of new genes 4. Synthesis of a new organism
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What is genetic engineering
Manipulating the genome
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What are the principles of genetic engineering
Isolating desired gene from organism and placing it into another using a vector
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How is the gene isolated in genetic engineering
Used restriction endonucleases to cut gene, forms sticky ends which are complimentary
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What is recombinant DNA
Plasmid combines with host cell DNA
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Why are plasmids used as vectors
They contain gene markers (e.g. Antibiotic resistance)
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What methods can be used to transfer the vector into the host (transformation)
1. Culture the bacterial cells in calcium solution 2. Electroporation
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What is electrofusion
Method of producing GM cells, electric currents causes the cell and nuclear membranes to fuse
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How are monoclonal antibodies produced
Electrofusion
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What is the benefit of resistant GM plants
Grow higher yield, less labour, cheaper, reduce competition with weeds, extended shelf life reduces waste, grow in more conditions, medical use
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What are the cons of GM plants
Normal insects may be damaged, insects may become resistant, reduced biodiversity, reduce demand for crop with longer shelf life, allergic to proteins in GM crop
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What are th problems with patents on GM crops
People in developing countries can't use crops without paying
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Give examples of GM animals
Swine fever resistant pigs, faster growing salmon
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What is Pharming
Production of human medicines by GM
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What are the 2 aspects to pharming
1. Create animal models 2. Create human protein
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Ethical issues of pharming
Putting human genes in animals, will human genes hurt animals, reduces them to commodities
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Name the 2 types of gene therapy
Somatic cell (replace mutants allele with healthily allele) & germline ( insert healthly allele into egg or embryo)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are introns

Back

Non coding DNA

Card 3

Front

What is a satellite and mini satellite

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does VNTR stand for

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is DNA profiling

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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