Mammals

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  • Created by: phoeberb
  • Created on: 17-05-19 21:28
What defines a mammal?
Warm blooded, hair/fur, produces milk, gives birth to live young
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What are the two subclasses of mammalia?
Prototheria and Theria
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what makes the prototheria?
monotremes, platypus and echidnas
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features of prototheria
oviparous and have cloaca
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what makes theria?
Metatheria (marsupials) and Eutheria (placental mammals)
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Stages of hair growth
Anagen (growth), Catagen (regression), telogen (rest)
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characters of mammal hair
made of keratinous filaments, homeothermic, camouflage capabilities
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Features of cervical vertebrae
support the head, have neural canal , transverse and spinous process
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What is the atlas vertebrae?
connects skull to spine, no centrum or process
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features of thoracic vertebrae
costal facets, spinous process, foramen
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features of lumbar vertebrae
spinous and superior process and spinal canal
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features of the sacral vertebrae
sacral canal, foramina, tubercules
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what are the 3 different kinds of tastebuds?
fungiform, foliate, vallate papillae
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what receptors make sweet?
Tas1r2 and tas1r3
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what receptors make umami?
Tas1r1 and Tas1r3
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what receptors make Bitter?
Tasr2
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Tooth production types
Monophydonts- one set, Diphydonts- two sets, Polyphydonts- multiple sets
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features of brachydont teeth
low crowned, grow then stop, seen in primates
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features of hypsodont teeth
high crowned, layers of enamel and dentin, seen in horses and cows
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feature of hyselodont teeth
continuous growth via stem cells, seen in rodents
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teeth shapes
bunodont- round peaks (omnivores), Lophodont- Cusps drawn into straight ridges (rodents), selenodont- crescent shaped cusps (artiodactyls)
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how many salivary glands and maceration muscles are there?
3 and 5
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stomach features
elastic, folded walls, pyloric sphincter leads to intestine
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carnivore stomachs
simple and short
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cetacean stomachs
multi-compartment from herbivore ancestors
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omnivore stomach
simple stomach, caecum aids in stopping retention
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herbivore stomach
microbial fermentation in caecum, tend to be hindgut fermenters
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what is coprophagy
where defecation is not the end point of digestion
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what is ceacotrophy
eating faecal matter for extra nutrition, seen in foals, piglets and chimps
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roles of the nasal cavity
air is warmed, cleaned by mucus, airways cleaned by turbinate bones
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how do mammals inhale?
intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, pressure decreases, air is drawn into the lungs
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how do mammals exhale
muscles relax, pressure increases and air is released from the lungs
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features of circulation in hibernation
temperature decreases, metabolic depression, no feces or urine, decreased heart and breathing rates
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what are the 4 types of bones
long (limbs), short (wrists and ankles), flat (pelvis and skull) irregular (vertebrae)
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what are the 3 parts of the skeleton
axial (vertebral column, sternum, ribs and skull), appendicular (limbs), Visceral (bones developed in substance of soft organs)
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cursorial scapular adaptions
long, narrow, vertical, aids stride length
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foss/scansorial scapular adaptions
triangular, larger process to increase leverage
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what is plantigrade position?
all digits and heel on floor, greater propulsion, seen in bears and humans
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what is digitigrade position?
only digits on floor, heel up above, strides for speed, seen in dogs and cats
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what is ungilgrade positions
digit tips on the ground, cursorial lifestyle, long metacarpals, more efficient movement
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scansorial body adaptions
mobile limbs, supination and pronation, clavicle stabilises shoulder
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fossorial body adaptions
large scapula and ulna, short inflexible manus elements, humerus has tubercles for muscles
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natatorial body adaptions
hindlimbs lost or specialised, short femurs, paddle like pes or webbed feet
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the two subclasses of mammalia?

Back

Prototheria and Theria

Card 3

Front

what makes the prototheria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

features of prototheria

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what makes theria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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