something we do but within social and political constraints
1 of 23
what do Connell and Pearse 2015 say about gender?
"we can only begin to understand gender if we understand how closely the social and bodily processes mesh"
2 of 23
which state is normative? and what effect does this have on this state?
Masculinity is normative - therefore research often focusses on the 'failures' of masculinity
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what is phallocentric masculinity?
concepts of masculinity grounded in the socio-biological significance of the penis. It delegitimizes those who fail to adhere to norms of a 'proper', 'aedquate', 'functioning' penis
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Explain the erectile ethnographie
Masculine stereotypes of sexuality and virility & maintaining active sex life as a sign of healthy aging. Normative belief that penile-vaginal intercourse is healthy and to be maintained into old age.
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What was Wentzell 2013 research?
Research on erectile dysfunction in urban Mexico - vast majority did not see erectile function change as a medical problem. Simply a life course shift away from macho youth
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What is a Travesti?
A gender identity in Brazil - people assigned male at birth who take on a feminine gender role and gender expression, especially through the use of feminizing body modifications
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do the Travesti consider themselves women?
no! consensus among them that any travesti who claims to be a women is "mentally disturbed". They have a desire to be feminine but not female
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how is gender orientated in these South American Communities?
gender is oriented towards male subjectivity, desire and pleasure
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What are the categories of Gender in these South American Communities?
categories of 'men'/'not-men' rather than 'men'/'women'
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What does Kulick suggest gender is determined by?
sexuality, rather than sex
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what is the practice of circumcision entrenched in?
religious, moral and medical concerns - ideas of moral and sexual hygiene
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how does personhood link to circumscion?
Personhood is enacted through a specific means of gendering bodies whereby the body needs to be modified to become a person
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What is female circumcision also known as?
FGM
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what are uncircumcised females seen as within their communities?
excessively masculine, excessively sexual, dangerous and vulnerable, unpure
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what does circumcision do to boys and girls?
makes boys less fem & girls less masc
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what happens to children after circumcision?
children are sex-segregated and confined to approriate public & private spcaes
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How does cosmetic surgery link to gendering the body?
trends of cosmetic surgery are gendered and reflect sexualised concepts of what is 'normal' and desirable e.g. labiaplasty
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how can sex testing be done in sport?
visually, chromosomal, hormonal, skeletal
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what controversy does sex testing in sport bring about?
an incompatibility between conventional ideas about genetic women and femininity and the idealised muscular olympic body.
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why is there no need to regulate "female" bodies entering masculine sport?
muscles and muscularity have been gendered as masculine therefore no need to regulate "female" bodies as they will be perceived as weaker
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why are sex and gender binaries in sport are problematic for intersexed and trans athletes?
Example: Caster Semenya - South African Middle distance runner. Was subjected to 'sex verification tests' following wins personal improvement and new records. Leaks claimed she had intersex traits which is an 'advantage' of being "more male".
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what does gender testing illuminate?
illuminate the inaccuracy of precise and fixed categories of sex and gender
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what do Connell and Pearse 2015 say about gender?
Back
"we can only begin to understand gender if we understand how closely the social and bodily processes mesh"
Card 3
Front
which state is normative? and what effect does this have on this state?
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