Macromolecules Exam

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What are the 3 forms of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
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What kind of carbohydrate are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides - Monomers
Polysaccharides - Polymers
Disaccharides - Dimers
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What are 3 monosaccharide sub-classes?
Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
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What are 3 disaccharide sub-classes?
Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose
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What are 3 sub-classes of polysaccharides?
Fibre (cellulose), Glycogen, and Starch
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What is the structure and function of monosaccharides?
Structure: Single sugar, Hexose C6H12O6, Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)


Function: Immediate energy supply to make ATP
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What is the structure and function of disaccharides?
Structure: 2 monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond

Function: Quick energy source, can be broken down in the digestive system by enzymes into monosaccharides
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What is the structure of the disaccharide sub-classes maltose, sucrose and lactose?
Maltose - 2x glucose
Sucrose - glucose and fructose
Lactose - glucose and galactose
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What is the structure and function of polysaccharides?
Structure: Long chains of thousands. of monosaccharides i.e. glucose
Branched

Function: Storing energy
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What is a monomer?
Very large molecules (macromolecules) are made up of lots of smaller molecules which are termed monomers - these are able to bond in a long chain
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What is a dimer?
A macromolecule made up of monomers that are chemically bonded
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What is a polymer?
Many monomers make up a polymer, so a polymer is therefore a macromolecule made up of a chain of monomers
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Breaking bonds between two biomolecules with a H2O molecule.
E.g. Maltase catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose to form two molecules of alpha glucose
H2O is used to add a OH- to a -H either side of glycosidic bond, displacing the bond and creating two sep
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What is a condensation reaction?
Bonding of two molecules
One molecule with a free -H atom will be linked to another molecule with a free -OH group, forming H2O with both molecules connected via bonds to an oxygen (-O-)
H2O released after completion, glycosidic bond created
Forms the bas
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What is the formation of maltose by a condensation reaction?
C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O
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What is the formation of glucose monomers by a hydrolysis reaction?
C12H22O11 -> H2O -> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
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What is the structure and function of starch?
Structure: C6H10O5, usually moderately branched
Function: Body digests starch to make glucose
Usually an energy store in plants
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What is the structure and function of glycogen?
Structure: C24H42O21, highly branched

Function - Energy storage - made and stored in the cells of liver and muscles
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What is the structure and function of cellulose?
Structure: C6H10O5, unbranched
Function: Main substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright.
Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it is important in the diet as fibre. Fibre assists your digestive system – keeping food
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What are the biological functions of carbohydrates?
Energy production and storage: Polysaccharides - main carb the body utilises for this is glucose
Structure: eg, Cellulose, long chains form tough protective walls around plant cells
Cell recognition and signalling: play a roll in cell-to-cell communicatio
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What is a lipid?
A group of molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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What are the 3 types of lipids?
Fats (triglycerides), Phospholipids, and Steroids
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What is the structure and function of fats (triglycerides)?
Structure: a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains attached to it, Hydrophobic, Ester bonds
Function: Long term energy store, Insulation, shock absorber, protects organs
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Why are triglycerides a good energy store?
They are a form of energy storage designed for the long term, partly because the process to turn fatty acids into usable energy is so complex and long
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What is the structure and function of phospholipids?
Structure: Phosphate group, glycerol group and 2 fatty acid chains, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ester bonds, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Function: Forms cell membrane, semi-permeable barrier
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What is the difference between the lipids triglyceride and phospholipid?
triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule with three attached fatty acid chains attached via ester bonds. A phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule with only two fatty acid tails attached, the third fatty acid tail is replaced by a phosphate gr
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What are the two arrangements phospholipids may arrange themselves in?
Phospholipid bilayer and micelle
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What shape is a micelle?
A micelle is a sphere shape composed of the hydrophilic heads on the exterior and the hydrophobic tails on the interior
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What is the arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer?
Hydrophilic heads line up with hydrophobic tails, and a secondary line forms upside down, the hydrophobic tails come together to create a sealed area with the hydrophilic heads forming a barrier to the inside. Creating a semipermeable bilayer.
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What is the structure and function of steroids?
Structure: 4 fused carbon rings
Function: Component. of the cell membrane and imparts flexibility to the cell membrane maintaining the desired fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
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What is the function of proteins?
Transport (haemoglobin and membrane carrier proteins), Catalysts (enzymes), Structural Support (keratin and collagen), Chemical Communication (hormones), and Immune Protection (antibodies)
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What is a structural feature of proteins?
Lomg chain of single units, called amino acids
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What do amino acids consist of?
An amino (NH2) group to one side of a central carbon (C) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH) to the other side of this carbon

Also contains a variable R (R) group. This is a specific side-chain that differs from amino acid to amino acid.
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What is the chemical composition of an amino acid?
H2NCHRCOOH
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Why is the position of the amino (NH2) group and the carboxylic (COOH) group of importance?
They link and are the points of attachment that bond amino acids together, first creating a dipeptide (double amino acid) and then gradually a polypeptide. These are bonded via a peptide bond
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What is a glycosidic bond?
Bonds carbohydrates
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What is an ester bond?
Bonds triglycerides (lipid)
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What is a peptide bond?
Bonds amino acids (protein)
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What are the hierarchy of proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary proteins
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What is a primary protein?
Structure: Sequence of a chain of amino acids, precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
THINK beads on a string
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What is a secondary protein?
Structure: Pleated sheets or folding due to hydrogen bonds, accounts for the initial folding of the polypeptide chain (primary) into repeating structures
OR
Alpha-helix, formed by interchain hydrogen bonds, or the bonds between the hydrogen atoms at the s
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What is a tertiary protein?
Structure: Secondary folding due to interactions within the polypeptide and its immediate environment

3D shape of a single major polypeptide chain, no symmetry usually
THINK snake
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What is a quaternary protein?
Structure: Consists of two or more polypeptides, made up of more than one major polypeptide chain, e.g. haemoglobin 2x alpha chains and 2x beta chains
THINK over complicated version of tertiary with 2x snakes
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What are the functions of proteins in organisms?
Biochemical reactions: Enzymes catalysing reactions
Physical structure: Protein's major factor of the production of hair, fingernails and collagen, as well as support structures for tissues i.e. muscles
Immunology: Antibodies
Receptor proteins: In the mem
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Functions of proteins in organisms continued
Membrane transport: In the cell membrane, form channels or gateways for ions to diffuse in or out of cell, carrier proteins form conveyors to move ions against a concentration gradient
Movement: Form fibres that lengthen or shorten dependant on stimulatio
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What is the difference in structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
Triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule with 3 attached fatty acid chains attached via ester bonds
A phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule with only two fatty acid tails
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What kind of carbohydrate are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?

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Monosaccharides - Monomers
Polysaccharides - Polymers
Disaccharides - Dimers

Card 3

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What are 3 monosaccharide sub-classes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What are 3 disaccharide sub-classes?

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Card 5

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What are 3 sub-classes of polysaccharides?

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