lungs

?
what is the trachea?
it is an airway made of muscle, epithelial cilia cells and goblet cells.
1 of 44
what do the rings of cartilage do?
support the trachea.
2 of 44
what do the intercostal muscles do?
move the ribcage.
3 of 44
what does the bronchi do?
produces mucus and has cilia cells.
4 of 44
describe the bronchioles.
they have walls of muscle lined with epithelial cells, and they constrict to control the air flow in and out of the alveoli.
5 of 44
describe the alveoli.
they are air sacs containing collagen and elastic fibres, and are the site of gas exchange.
6 of 44
for gas exchange to happen efficiently, what must there be?
-a large SA. -a thin material. -a large concentration gradient/difference between gases on opposite sides.
7 of 44
describe gas exchange in the alveoli.
O2 moves into the blood by diffusion and CO2 passes out of the blood by diffusion.
8 of 44
how is the alveoli adapted?
-wall of alveoli is only 1 cell thick. -only one layer of flattened RBCs can pass through the capillary which increases SA. -blood flow through the pulmonary capillary maintains a concentration gradient.
9 of 44
why are the lungs located inside the body?
the air isn't dense enough to support these delicate structures and they would dry out as a result of losing a great deal of water.
10 of 44
why is gas exchange necessary?
because we need a constant supply of O2 to release energy in respiration and for CO2 to be removed.
11 of 44
what is pulmonary ventilation?
the total volume of air moved into the lungs during one minute.
12 of 44
what is tidal volume?
the volume of air normally taken in at each breath when the body is resting.
13 of 44
what is ventilation rate?
the number of breaths taken in one minute.
14 of 44
what is vital capacity?
the maximum amount of air moved in and out of the lungs.
15 of 44
what is it proportional to?
the boys SA.
16 of 44
describe a spirometer.
it measures the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs. It is a clear box 1/3 water and 2/3 O2
17 of 44
what happens when you inhale/exhale?
-inhale: box moves down. -exhale: box moves up.
18 of 44
what is the residual volume?
the small bit of air trapped in the alveoli
19 of 44
what is the expiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air forced out after a normal breath.
20 of 44
what can a spirometer be used to determine?
O2 consumption.
21 of 44
what are the causes of TB?
-reduced immunity. -cramped living conditions.
22 of 44
describe the transmission.
-in water droplets. -close contact. -milk (bovis only).
23 of 44
what are the symptoms?
-persistent cough. -tiredness. -loss of appetite. -fever. -coughing up blood.
24 of 44
how can it be treated/prevented?
-antibiotics. -more housing. -better education. -better nutrition. -BCG vaccine.
25 of 44
what are the causes of pulmonary fibrosis?
-reaction to microscopic lung injury. -dest/asbestos in the alveoli.
26 of 44
how is the symptom of shortness of breath caused?
-less O2 due to large volume of air space occupied by fibrous tissue. -increased diffusion pathway due to thickened epithelium. -tidal volume reduced due to loss of elasticity.
27 of 44
how is the symptom of a chronic cough caused?
fibrous tissue creates obstruction in the airways and the reflex action is to cough.
28 of 44
how is the symptom of chest pains caused?
-the pressure and damage from the mass of the fibrous tissue in the lungs. -damage due to coughing.
29 of 44
how is the symptom of fatigue caused?
intake of O2 into the blood is reduced which results in the release of energy from cellular respiration being reduced.
30 of 44
what effect does pulmonary fibrosis have on the lungs?
-lengthens diffusion pathway. -thickens epithelium. -the vital capacity reduced. -elasticity reduced. -difficult to ventilate lungs.
31 of 44
what are the causes of asthma?
-allergens. -genetics.
32 of 44
what effect does asthma have on the lungs?
-linings of airway inflamed. -epithelial cells secrete a lot of mucus. -fluid leaves capillaries and enters airways. -muscle surrounding bronchioles contracts and as a result airways are constricted. -difficult to maintain diffusion gradient.
33 of 44
what does the constriction of the bronchioles, increased mucus, and inflamed ling cause?
difficultly breathing
34 of 44
what happens when air passes through constricted bronchioles?
wheezing
35 of 44
what does the inability to ventilate the lungs adequately cause?
a tight chest
36 of 44
what is the reflex response to constricted bronchioles?
coughing
37 of 44
what causes emphysema and how?
smoking - particles get trapped in the alveoli.
38 of 44
how many smokers get emphysema?
1 in 5
39 of 44
what effect does emphysema have on the lungs?
-elastin permanently stretched. -inability to force all of the air out of the alveoli (residual volume). -SA of alveoli reduced. -little, if any, gas exchange can take place.
40 of 44
how can the symptom of shortness of breath be explained?
-loss of elasticity leads to difficulty exhaling air. -difficulty in inhaling fresh air containing O2. -reduced SA leads to reduced levels of O2 leads to more rapid breathing.
41 of 44
how is the symptom of a chronic cough explained?
it is an effort to remove damaged tissue/mucus that can't normally be removed due to cilia on the bronchioles being destroyed.
42 of 44
how is the symptom of bluish skin discolouration be explained?
low levels of O2 in the blood due to poor gas exchange.
43 of 44
describe the diagnosis of emphysema.
emphysema develops over 20 years and is virtually impossible to diagnose until the lungs have become irreversibly damaged.
44 of 44

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what do the rings of cartilage do?

Back

support the trachea.

Card 3

Front

what do the intercostal muscles do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what does the bronchi do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

describe the bronchioles.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Human, animal and plant physiology resources »